S-1015 Compaction Testing of Unbound Materials

Be advised S-1015 dated 12/31/2012 is included in its entirety at the end of this document for reference only; the official version is available online.

 

General

Supplement 1015 details the compaction testing requirements for all ODOT projects.  ODOT technicians and testing personnel provided by the Contractor must follow the testing procedures described in S-1015.

When the Contractor provides the compaction testing, one of two possible supplemental specifications will be included in the Contract Documents.  The two supplemental specifications, SS-878 and SS-879, are similar, but SS-878 pays for the inspection and testing as a lump sum pay item, while SS-879 pays for the work by providing incentive pay to the Contractor.

There is one compaction and inspection table for S-1015, SS-878, and SS-879.  Table 1015.9-1 in Section 1015.09 includes columns for the materials, maximum lot size, and minimum number of tests.   The same number and type of inspections and compaction tests are taken regardless of which specification is used in the Contract. 

SS-878 Inspection and Compaction Testing of Unbound Materials

This item is used when construction personnel are limited and the District wants full-time inspection and compaction testing for the work.

SS-878 pays for the inspection and compaction testing as a lump sum pay item and covers Items 203, 204, 205, 206, 304, 411, 503, 611, and MSE wall select granular backfill.

The major aspects of the specification are as follows:

1.      The Contractor is to supply full-time qualified inspection and compaction testing for all specified items.

2.      The compaction tests are performed according to S-1015.

3.      The documentation is performed on department forms.

4.      The documentation is presented to the Engineer daily and a summary report is required every 2 weeks.

5.      There are qualifications requirements for the inspection and compaction personnel.

6.      The Department will perform QA compaction tests.

7.      There is a lump sum payment for this work.

SS-879 QC/QA for Embankment Construction

The major aspects of the specification are as detailed below:

1.      Several of the sections in this specification refer to SS-878, because they are basically the same work with the payment mechanism being different.

2.      The Contractor supplies full-time qualified inspection and compaction testing for Items 203 and 204.

3.      The compaction tests are performed according to S-1015.

4.      The documentation is performed on department forms.

5.      There are qualification requirements for the inspection and compaction personnel.

6.      The Department will perform QA compaction tests.

This supplemental specification is very similar to SS-878, except there is a pay adjustment ± 4 percent to the amount bid for Items 203 and 204.  This specification allows for more Contractor responsibility for the work with an appropriate incentive.  It also allows the Department to reduce the amount of full-time inspection of the work.

 

Metrication and Rounding

Most of the tables, forms, graphs, curves, and tests in this section are in English and Metric units.  The units are labeled with the English units first and the metric units in parenthesis (i.e., English [metric]). 

Weight measurements should be measured to the nearest 0.01 of a pound or kilogram.  All calculations are normally recorded to the nearest 0.1 or 4 significant digits.  Normally the final compaction results are recorded to the nearest percentage of compaction and acceptance is based on rounding.  The rounding of 97.6 percent compaction is rounded up to 98 percent compaction, while 97.5 is rounded down to 97 percent compaction.  The rounding of other calculations and measurements are done in a similar manner.

 

Importance of Proper Inspection and Compaction Testing

The Contractor constructs the embankment.  As the representatives of the Department, Inspectors and Engineers observe the work to ensure compliance with the specifications. As the Department inspects the work, instructions are given to the Contractor, such as the material is too dry, too wet, or does not have enough stability or density.

What happens when an embankment fails and we determine that one of the following has occurred?

1.      The instructions to the Contractor were in error.

2.      Compaction tests were performed incorrectly.

3.      Compaction forms were incomplete.

4.      No inspection or part-time inspection occurred during the construction.

All of the above reasons are arguments that are issues during a claim.  Valid or not, these are reasons that will be debated when responsibility is discussed.  Considerable financial loss to the Department could result during these negotiations or in court because of any one of the above reasons.

Our goal with this section is to minimize the Department liability in the above claim situations.

Compaction testing is an important evaluation tool that measures the quality of the earthwork construction work.  Therefore, this entire section is dedicated to obtaining correct and accurate results.

 

Compaction of Soils

Moisture-Density Relationship

In order to understand compaction testing, the project personnel must first understand the moisture-density relationship and some of the variables associated with this relationship.

A relationship exists between the density of a soil and the moisture content of a soil as the moisture content is varied while the compactive effort remains constant.  A standard force is used in the test that closely approximates the densities that can be readily obtained in the field with footed drum rollers and other types of common compaction equipment.  The greatest dry density obtained in the test is termed, “maximum dry density,” and the corresponding moisture content is termed, “optimum moisture content.” This moisture-density relationship is shown in Figure 1015.01.A.

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Figure 1015.01.A - Typical Moisture-Density Curve

The test used by the Department to determine the moisture-density relations of soil is AASHTO T-99, Method C, called the Standard Proctor test.  The basic principle involved in the moisture-density relationship is an important tool when evaluating a soil.

For a given force of compaction and given moisture content, a soil will have a corresponding density.  Additionally, there is a particular moisture content for each soil at which a given compaction requirement can be obtained with less compaction effort than at any other moisture content.  This moisture content is the optimum moisture content.

Structural properties of a soil vary with moisture content and density.  For example, a clay soil at a low density will have very high load-supporting strength when dry, but when it is saturated at this same density, it will have a very low load-supporting strength.  Hence, when the structural properties of the soil are being determined, its moisture content and density must be defined and controlled to permit accurate evaluation of the soil in that particular condition.

Refer to Figure 1015.01.A to understand the influence of moisture on the compaction of soils.  At point 3, the soil is compacted at a moisture content where the compactive effort cannot overcome the friction or resistance of the soil to achieve a maximum dry density.  As the water content increases, the particles develop larger and larger water films around them, which tend to lubricate the particles and make them easier to move about and reorient into a denser configuration.

As the moisture content is increased, we eventually reach point 1, where the density does not increase any further with water content.  At point 1, the soil has just enough moisture to overcome most of the friction and not too much to have excess pore pressure to displace the soil. 

As the moisture is increased from point 1 to 2, the density decreases as the water starts to displace and replace soil particles because of the excess pore pressure.

Making a Moisture-Density Curve

This section outlines procedures to determine the optimum moisture content, maximum wet density, and maximum dry density of a soil, shale, or granular materials.  This procedure is not normally performed in the field.  It is generally only needed to determine the optimum moisture content for Test Section Method A.

The procedures outlined in this section follow AASHTO T-99, Method C with some minor modifications.

Equipment

The equipment needed to make a moisture-density curve is as follows:

1.      Proctor mold.

a.       Cylindrical brass or cadmium-plated steel mold, approximately 4 inches (102 mm) in diameter, 4-1/2 inches (114 mm) in height, and has a capacity of 1/30 ft3 (9.43 × 10-4 m3). 

b.      The cylinder is mounted on a removable base plate and fitted with a detachable collar approximately 2-1/2 inches (63 mm) in height.

2.      Proctor hammer.

a.       Brass or cadmium-plated steel sleeve rammer which has:

                                                              i.      A striking face 2 inches (50 mm) in diameter.

                                                            ii.      A weight of 5.5 lbs (2.5 kg).

                                                          iii.      Equipped to control the height of drop to 12 inches (305 mm).

3.      Steel straightedge 12 inches (305 mm) long.

4.      Scale of 25 lb (12 kg) capacity sensitive to 0.01 lbs (1 gram).

5.      A 3/4-inch (19 mm) sieve.

6.      Oil or gas stove or portable oven unless dried by other methods.

7.      Baking pans, approximately 12 inches × 8-1/2 inches × 2-1/2 inches (300 mm × 200 mm × 63 mm).

8.      Masonry trowel and putty knife.

9.      If the test is performed in the field, use a large concrete block or piece of concrete beam.

a.       Minimum size is a 12-inch × 6-inch (300 mm × 150 mm) cinder block.

b.      Or a 4-inch × 12-inch (100 mm × 305 mm) solid concrete block.

c.       Do not use wood or asphalt.

Procedure

Use the form CA-EW-4 (shown in Figure 1015.01.B) to record test data as obtained by the procedure outlined in this section.  This form shows an example of recorded test data.  Each column is lettered and used throughout this section to facilitate referring to the explanation.

1.      Secure a representative sample of soil of about 40 lbs (20 kg).

2.      Pass the sample through a 3/4-inch (19 mm) sieve.

3.      Wet or dry the sample.

a.       Change the moisture content to 4 to 6 percent below optimum.

b.      See 1015.01.F, Estimating Optimum Moisture Content, in this section for more information.

4.      Make a Proctor.

a.       Make a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the Proctor mold.

                                                              i.      Make three equal layers to give a total compacted depth of about 5 inches (130 mm).

b.      Compact each layer by applying 25 uniformly distributed drops from the 5.5 lb. (2.5 kg) rammer dropping from a height of 12 inches (305 mm) above the elevation of the soil.

c.       See Figure 1015.01.D for recommended loose and compacted soil lifts.

                                                              i.      Loose lifts will change depending on the consistency of the soil. 

d.      Ensure that the cylinder is resting on a uniformly rigid foundation during the compaction. 

                                                              i.      Use a large concrete block or piece of concrete beam.

                                                            ii.      The minimum size is a 12-inch × 6-inch (300 × 150 mm) cinder block.

                                                          iii.      Or a 4-inch × 12-inch (100 × 305 mm) solid concrete block. 

                                                          iv.      Do not use wood or asphalt.

5.      Remove the extension collar.

a.       The soil should be less than 1/2 inch (13 mm) above the mold.

b.      If the soil is lower than the top of the mold, repeat the test.

c.       Carefully trim the compacted soil even with the top of the mold using the straightedge.

d.      Add fine material to fill any voids if necessary.

                                                              i.      Use the fines from the tested soil.

6.      Weigh the cylinder and sample.  Input this information in Column A

a.       Calculate the density of the specimen by subtracting the weight of the mold from the weight of the specimen and mold, and multiply the difference by 30 for English units and 1,060 for metric units.

                                                              i.      Column A – 9.81 lbs = Column B

13.34 - 9.81 = 3.53

9.81 is the weight of the mold

                                                            ii.      Column B × 30 = Column C

3.53 × 30 = 105.9

                                                          iii.      Column C is the wet density of the Proctor soil.

7.      Remove the material from the mold and slice vertically through the center. 

a.       Take a representative sample of the material from one of the cut faces and determine the moisture content by a method outlined in Section 1015.02.H, Alternate Tests for Moisture.

b.      If the only available scales are those included in the compaction control kit, a 1 lb (0.5 kg) sample is required for the moisture determination.  However, if a more sensitive scale is available, use a 0.22 lb (100 gram) sample.  The smaller sample will dry faster.

                                                              i.      The scales need to be leveled with a carpenter’s level.  Put the scale on a piece of flat plywood then level the board.  You may elect to level the weighting plate.

                                                            ii.      The older scales must also be balanced once it is leveled.  The weighting mechanism should float between the top and bottom bar.  If it does not, sand or pebbles can be added to the lever arm to make it balance.

c.       Calculate the dry weight and the moisture content as follows:

                                                              i.      Column D…Weight of the dish and the wet soil.                  96.2

                                                            ii.      Column E…. Weight of the dish and soil after drying.         93.4

                                                          iii.      Column F…Column D - E = Weight of Water                      96.2 - 93.4 = 2.8

                                                          iv.      Column H…Column E - G= Dry Soil Weight                       93.4 – 40.0 = 53.4

                                                            v.      ColumnI…F/H × 100 = Percent Moisture
Water Content = Weight of Water /Dry Weight                    (2.8/53.4) × 100 = 5.2%

                                                          vi.      Column J…C/(1+ I) = Dry Weight of the Soil
Dry Weight =Wet Weight/ (1 + Wc )
In the Example:                                                                       WD= 105.9/(1+0.052) = 100.5

8.      Thoroughly break up the remainder of the material until inspection shows that it will pass a 3/4-inch (19 mm) sieve.  It is not necessary to pass all of the material through the sieve.

9.      Add water in sufficient amount to increase the moisture content of the soil sample by 2 or 3 percent, and repeat the procedure outlined in D through H.

10.  Repeat D through H, each time adding water until you obtain at least 4 readings for the wet weight, dry weight, and moisture content. 

a.       Continue the process until a minimum of two points are plotted on the wet and dry side of the dry weight curve and there is a decrease in the wet weight.

11.  Use Figure 1015.01.C) as an example and plot test data as follows:

a.       Plot wet weight, Column C, versus moisture content, Column I, of the successive tests on linear graph paper. 

                                                              i.      Draw a smooth curve between the successive points.

                                                            ii.      The peak of this curve is the maximum wet weight of the material being tested.

                                                          iii.      This maximum weight is not used for compaction acceptance.

b.      Plot dry density, Column J, versus moisture content, Column I, of the successive tests on linear graph paper. 

                                                              i.      Draw a smooth curve between the successive points.

                                                            ii.      The peak of this curve is the maximum dry density of the soil.

                                                          iii.      The moisture content at this point is the optimum moisture content.

                                                          iv.      This curve can be used for compaction acceptance.

 

Figure 1015.01.C (1015.01.C-M) shows curves plotted from the test data in Figure 1015.01.B.

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Figure 1015.01.B – Moisture-Density Calculation Form


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Figure 1015.01.C – Moisture-Density Curve Plot


 

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Figure 1015.01.D - Loose and Compacted Lifts for the Proctor Test

Ohio Typical Density Curves

The Ohio Typical Density Curves are a set of soil curves originally developed in the 1930’s and 1940’s to represent all the soils in Ohio.  They were developed in the laboratory using the standard Proctor test.  They started with an original set of nine curves that represented over 1,000 samples.  Additional curves were added that represent over 10,000 lab samples.  These curves are plotted in Figure 1015.01.E.  These curves are still used today to represent all the soils in Ohio.  Using these curves minimizes the need to make moisture-density curves for each type of soil encountered in the field.

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Figure 1015.01.E - Ohio Typical Density Curves

A one-point Proctor test is used to choose the curve that represents the soil under consideration.  The procedure is similar to the AASHTO T 272 test and is detailed in Supplement 1015.06.C.1.

Usefulness of the Moisture-Density & the Ohio Typical Density Curves

By examining the moisture-density or the Ohio typical density curves, one can gain general information on the load-carrying capacity and other information about the soil properties.

The optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of the moisture-density relationship are comparative factors.  A high maximum dry density ranges from 125 to 140 lbs/ft3 (2,000 to 2,250 kg/m3) dry density.  A low maximum dry density ranges from 100 to 85 lbs/ft3 (1,600 to 1,350 kg/m3) dry density.  A low optimum moisture content coincides with a high maximum dry density and will be on the order of 7 percent.  A high optimum moisture content coincides with a low maximum dry density and may be on the order of 25 percent.

The maximum dry density of a soil gives approximate information on its gradation and soil type.  The approximate range of the maximum dry density for particular soils are as follows:

 

Soil Type

Typical Maximum Dry Density
Pounds per Cubic Feet (Kilograms per Cubic Meter)

A-1 & A-2

120 to 135 (1922 to 2163)  Granular Soils

A-2

120 to 130 (1922 to 2082)  Granular Soils

A-3

110-to 120 (1762 to 1922)  Granular Soils

A-4

105 to 120 (1682 to 1922)  Silty Soils

A-6 & A-7

90 to 110 (1442 to 1762)   Clayey Soils

The optimum moisture content gives approximate information on the clay and silt content of the soil.  The shape of the moisture-density curve varies from a sharply peaked parabolic curve to a flat one or to one sloping irregularly downward as the moisture content increases. This shape gives additional valuable information showing the influence of moisture on the load-supporting value of the soil.  For example, a flat moisture-density curve indicates a soil that will have about the same load-supporting strength over a wide range in moisture contents, while a moisture-density curve with a sharp peak indicates a soil that is sensitive to changes in moisture content.

Variations in the Moisture-Density Relationship

To truly understand the moisture and density relationship as it relates to soil compaction, the project personnel should understand what items affect this relationship.  This section briefly addresses these issues.

This moisture-density relationship is affected by, but not limited to, the following conditions:

1.      A change in the laboratory compactive effort or a field compactive effort that is different from the laboratory testing compactive effort.

2.      A temperature of the compacted soil that is near or below freezing temperature.

3.      Coarse aggregate that is added or subtracted from the soil.

Changing the Compactive Effort

The AASHTO T 99 Proctor test, used to make the Department’s moisture-density curve, was originally made to simulate field compaction conditions.  It uses a standard compactive effort that allows us to evaluate and compare the compaction and densities of different soils.  What happens to this moisture-density relationship as you increase or decrease this compactive effort?

In Figure 1015.01.F, the compactive effort may be increased or decreased to change the maximum density as much as 10 to 15 lbs/ft3 (160 to 240 kg/m3).  As the compactive effort increases, the curve shifts to the left and up along the same line of optimum.  If the compactive effort is lowered, the compaction curve shifts to the right and down.

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Figure 1015.01.F - Changing the Compactive Effort

Temperature Effects on Soil

If a soil is compacted at low temperatures, the maximum density cannot be achieved in the field.  The specifications do not allow soil to be compacted that is frozen. Figure 1015.01.G shows why this is the case.  The maximum density can change as much as 10 lbs/ft3 (160 kg/m3) for soils compacted at temperature differences of 40 ºF (20 ºC).  However, there may not be any difference in maximum density.  Temperatures affect some soils but not others.  There is not a formula that takes this temperature difference into consideration.

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Figure 1015.01.G - Temperature Effects on the M-D Curve

Compaction procedures must be altered to check for this difference.  Use the following procedure when the Contractor is compacting the soil at temperatures lower than 45º F (7º C) or when the site conditions warrant:

1.      Take the normal Proctor test during the compaction testing.  Choose the curve associated with this compaction test.

2.      Take enough soil from the same hole to make another Proctor later.  After the soil is warmed to approximately 70 ºF (21 ºC) make an additional Proctor.  Pick an additional curve using the wet weight of the second Proctor and moisture content from a drying method.

3.      Compare the two results and use the higher curve if there is a difference.  Use this procedure at any time the material is suspect in the field.

Coarse Aggregate Problem

The moisture-density relationship is very good for soils passing the 3/4-inch (19 mm) sieve as it relates to the field compaction of soils.  There are problems when this relationship is extrapolated to soils larger than the 3/4-inch (19 mm) sieve material or for granular soils.  Corrections must be made to account for these materials.  In certain circumstances, field densities do not correspond to the laboratory results.  These will be pointed out in later sections.

Figure 1015.01.H details a plot of adding or subtracting coarse aggregate to a soil and the resulting change in the moisture-density curves.

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Figure 1015.01.H - Coarse Aggregate Effects on Soil M-D Curve

As you add gravel or 3/4-inch (19 mm) material to the soil, the optimum moisture content shifts to the left and the maximum density increases.  The average increase in density is approximately 1 percent per 10 percent of material retained on the 3/4-inch (19 mm) sieve.  This effect is taken care of on the CA-EW-6 Compaction Form and is fully explained in Section 1015.03 of this manual.

If you sieve the material through the 3/4-inch sieve, remove 20 percent coarse aggregate, and do not consider this, you could easily be one or two curves lower than intended.

Use the correction on the CA-EW-6 Compaction Form where more than 10 percent of the material is retained on the 3/4-inch (19 mm) sieve.  This correction usually increases the maximum dry density and makes an optimum moisture content correction.

Importance of Temperature and Coarse Aggregate Corrections

The accuracy of all compaction testing is important; however, the importance of making temperature and coarse aggregate corrections in compaction testing are less obvious to the project personnel.  Without these corrections, the compaction testing could easily be off by more than 2 lbs/ft3 (32 kg/m3) without the project personnel being aware of a problem.

If the compaction testing is off by 2 lbs/ft3 (32 kg/m3), or approximately one Ohio Typical Density Curve, this may result in a loss of 15 percent of the soil strength.  If the testing is off by two curves, the potential loss could be 30 percent, and so on.  The strength may not be apparent in construction, but in the long-term, it may have devastating effects on the performance of the embankment.

Estimating Optimum Moisture Content

Soil Boring Interpretation Method

All cohesive soils are compacted at water contents less than the plastic limit of the material.  For A-7-6 soils, the optimum moisture content is around the plastic limit minus 3.  For A-4 and A-6 soils, the optimum is around the plastic limit minus 5.  The optimum moisture content of granular materials ranges between 5 and 10 and for non-plastic silts is around 11.

You can obtain an estimate of the material’s consistency by using the above information and looking at the soil’s water content from the soil borings before the work begins.  Keep in mind, the water content on the soil borings is the water content at the time the borings were drilled.  They should be considered an estimate of the present field conditions.

You can approximate the optimum moisture content of a material by the feel of the material in the field using one of the following methods.

Hand Squeeze Method

1.      Take a sample of the material in question in your hand.

2.      Squeeze the material together and let go.

3.       

4.      Consult the following table:

If the material…

Then material is…

Falls apart in small pieces

Dry of optimum

Stays together

At or above optimum

Breaks into two or three large pieces

At optimum

Stays together and there is excess water on hands

Above optimum

Ball Method

5.      Roll the material into a 1-inch ball.

6.      Place it between your thumb and index finger and squeeze the material.

7.      Consult the following table:

If the material…

Then material is…

Ball cannot be formed

Below optimum

Becomes oval

Above optimum

Breaks apart into uniform pieces

(Some clays will have larger pieces than silts)

At optimum

Spit Method

8.      Spit on the material.

9.      Consult the following table:

If the saliva…

Then material is…

Beads up

Above optimum

Slowly sinks in

At optimum

Use these methods as estimates; they do not replace compaction testing.  These estimates are different for each type of soil (clay, silt, granular).

 

Compaction Testing of Soils (1015.06)

General (1015.06.A)

Proper compaction at the proper moisture is the most effective and most economical way to improve the stability of soils.  Satisfactory performance of pavement and embankment depends on the good compaction of the embankment and subgrade materials.  Careful control is necessary to ensure compliance with the specification compaction requirements for embankments and subgrades.

The density test is the principal means by which the Engineer determines whether or not the specified compaction requirements have been met.  The number of tests to be made for a given quantity of embankment material placed is set by Supplement 1015.09.  The Engineer has broad powers to increase or decrease this testing depending on the field conditions.  The Engineer may use his or her judgment to make tests at locations where the information is most needed for proper control.

For example, consider an area of embankment under construction, where the soil and moisture conditions are uniform and ideal for good compaction, and where previous compaction tests have shown that the specification requirements are  consistently met under the same number of roller passes.  As long as inspections show that the uniform conditions of soil, moisture, lift thickness, and roller pass continue for this area, only occasional check tests for compaction are required.

Where relatively few tests are made because materials and conditions are uniform, document this by describing conditions on the Compaction Forms or other appropriate project records.  Avoiding a large number of tests in areas of uniform condition, where specified compaction is consistently obtained, allow the project personnel to concentrate their effort on other areas of the project where conditions are less uniform or suspect.

Tests must be made in areas where inspection indicates that the material is questionable, even if specified compaction is obtained.  Evidences of questionable compaction, which can be determined by inspection, include the following:

1.      Low number of roller passes to obtain compaction.

2.      Excessive deflection under heavy construction equipment.

3.      The use of lightweight rollers.

4.      Very wet or dry soil.

5.      Areas compacted without full-time inspection.

6.      Inconsistent materials, such as shale and rock mixtures, or recycled concrete mixed with soil.

The observation that a footed drum roller will “walk out” or “ride high” on a layer of hard, dry soil is not evidence of satisfactory compaction.  This soil may be stable when dry, but weak when wet.

Areas where compaction or moisture does not meet specification requirements must be corrected before the next lift of embankment is placed.

The Engineer must give specific directions to the Inspectors.  These directions must cover the Inspector’s responsibility and authority given to them by the Engineer.  This ensures that timely decisions are made in the field and that full compliance with the contract requirements is obtained on the project.

Control of compaction includes making moisture and density determinations for establishing whether the compaction meets the requirements prescribed in the specifications. 

A sufficient number of tests must be made to ensure that construction complies with the specifications.  The Nuclear Gauge Method is the only method used for compaction testing.  The sand-cone, rubber-balloon, and cylinder density tests have been eliminated.

Regardless of the method chosen, a one-point Proctor test is used to identify the curve that represents the soil in question for each compaction test, except for materials requiring a test section.

Equipment (1015.04)

1.      Equipment listed in Section 1015.04.

2.      A 3-inch (75 mm) or 4-inch (100 mm) post-hole auger.

3.      A container with a 4-1/2-inch (114 mm) hole cut in the bottom.

4.      Troxler 3440 Nuclear Gauge.

5.      25 to 50 lbs (12 to 23 kg) of dry, uniform, natural sand passing the No. 10 (2 mm) sieve.

6.      Form CA-EW-5, Nuclear Gauge Compaction Form, and Form CA-EW-6, Nuclear Gauge Compaction with an Aggregate Correction.

Preparation of Surface (1015.06.B.2)

Select a location for the density test that is representative of a rolled area of the embankment layer being constructed.  If loose, uncompacted material, similar to what results from sheepsfoot rolling, exists on the surface, remove the loose material to expose the compacted material underneath.  Carefully level the test area by any convenient means, such as a dozer, grader, hand shovel, straightedge, etc.

Compaction Testing of Soil Using a Nuclear Gauge (1015.06.B)

The Department uses nuclear equipment manufactured by Troxler Laboratories.  Presently the Department uses the 3440 series gauges.  The operator should have a Manual of Operation for the gauge.

There is no radiological danger for the operation of a nuclear gauge so long as the correct operating and safety rules are followed.  Each operator is issued a specific set of instructions governing safety when the gauge is assigned to him or her.   For more information about the safety requirements see the following link to the Nuclear Labs website:

www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/ConstructionMgt/Materials/Pages/Radiation-Safety.aspx

In addition, contact the Nuclear Lab at (614) 275-1375 for more information.

For nuclear measurement of density, gamma rays emitted into the soil from a gamma source are scattered by the electrons in the soil and lose energy in the process.  The number of scattered rays returned and counted in the gauge depends on the average length of the path of the ray between the detector and source.  The electron density increases proportionally with the density of the soil and causes greater scattering and energy loss.  Therefore, the chances that scattered gamma rays returning to the detector with sufficient energy to be counted become smaller with increased soil density, and the count rate drops.  In common soil types, a low gamma ray count indicates a high density, and a high count indicates a low density.

For nuclear measurements of moisture, the neutron energy absorption technique measures the moisture content of rock or soil materials.  The nuclear method for measuring the moisture content of soil and rock materials is based on the principle of measuring the slowing of neutrons emitted into the soil from a fast-neutron source.  The energy loss is much greater in neutron collisions with atoms of low atomic weight and is directly proportional to the number of atoms present in the soil.  The effect of such a collision changes a fast neutron to a slow neutron.  Hydrogen, which is the principal element of low atomic weight found in soils, is contained largely in the molecules of water in an inorganic soil.  The number of slow neutrons detected by the gauge, after an emission of fast neutrons from a radioactive source, is counted electronically in the gauge.  The count obtained by the gauge is proportional to the amount of water in the soil or rock.

Density and moisture determinations can be made in any of the following two positions relative to the material being tested:

1.      Backscatter - Source and detector in the gauge are resting on the surface of the material being tested.

2.      Direct Transmission - Source in the rod is extended below the gauge into the material being tested, and the detector in the gauge is on the surface of the material being tested.

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: 101502Ac

Figure 1015.02.A - Nuclear Gauge Direct and Backscatter Positions

Moisture-Density Testing

Use Form CA-EW-5 or CA-EW-6 for moisture-density testing when using a nuclear gauge.  The following is a summary of the gauge operations when testing soils.  Consult the detailed explanation in the owner's manual of procedures.  The gauge is self-driven throughout the process.  The operator pushes a button and the gauge asks a question or gives an answer.

1.      Determine the standard count.

a.       Perform at the beginning of each day the gauge is used or when the test location environment changes.

b.      Put the gauge on the standard block with the handle opposite the metal plate.  See Figure 1015.02.B.

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: 101502Bc

Figure 1015.02.B - Nuclear Gauge on the Standard Block

 

c.       Make sure the standard block is resting on material which weighs more than 100 lbs/ft³ (1600 kg/m3).

d.      Press the "ON" button on the gauge panel (see Figure 1015.02.C).

                                                              i.      Wait approximately 4 minutes for the gauge to warm-up.

                                                            ii.      The gauge may already be on prior to placing it on the block.

                                                          iii.      The gauge will beep when ready.

 

 

Figure 1015.02.C - Nuclear Gauge Keypad

                                                          iv.      Readout:

1.      Depth: safe position.

2.      Time: 1 minute (possibly a longer duration).

3.      Battery: volts.

e.       Press the standard button.

                                                              i.      Readout:

1.      Do you want to take a new standard?

2.      Press "YES."

3.      Is the gauge in the safe position?

4.      Press "YES."

                                                            ii.      Readout:

1.      Taking a standard count.

2.      Takes 240 seconds.

3.      Gauge will beep when complete.

                                                          iii.      Readout when standard count is complete:

1.      MS      XXXX                        X.X%P

2.      DS       XXXX                        X.X%P

3.      P-Pass, F-Fail

4.      If reading is within 1 percent for density or 2 percent for moisture, the standard passed.

f.       Record standard count on lines 4 and 7 on the CA-EW-5 and lines 1 and 2 on the CA-EW-6.

g.      Do you want to accept the new standard?

                                                              i.      Press "YES" if acceptable.

                                                            ii.      Readout:

1.      Ready.

2.      Depth.

3.      Volts.

4.      Ready to take the readings.

2.      Taking Nuclear Gauge Readings.

a.       Clear away all loose material or dried crust.

                                                              i.      Obtain a level area with sufficient size to accommodate the gauge.

                                                            ii.      Use the scraper plate to help smooth out the surface.

                                                          iii.      See Figure 1015.02.D.

 

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: 101502Dc

Figure 1015.02.D - Scraper Plate and Use

 

b.      Use the native fines or fine sand to fill the voids to finish smoothing out the surface.

                                                              i.      The maximum void beneath the gauge should not exceed 1/8 inch (3 mm).

c.       Make a hole perpendicular to the prepared surface by using the pin (drill rod) provided by the manufacturer.

                                                              i.      Drive 2 inches (50 mm) further than the depth of the reading.

d.      Mark the outside of the scraper plate. 

e.       Remove the scraper plate and position the nuclear gauge on the prepared location.

                                                              i.      Raise the gauge up on one side and extend the rod out about 2 inches (50 mm).

                                                            ii.      Place the rod over the hole and extend the rod the rest of the way.

f.       Extend the rod to the required depth.  See Figure 1015.02.E.

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: 101502Ec

Figure 1015.02.E - Positions of the Nuclear Gauge

 

                                                              i.      Backscatter Position is used for:

1.      Bases.

2.      Granular Materials.

3.      Materials requiring a test section.

                                                            ii.      8-inch (200 mm) depth used for embankment.

                                                          iii.      12-inch (300 mm) depth used for subgrade.

                                                          iv.      The gauge gives the depth.

                                                            v.      The deepest depth is the most accurate.

g.      Pull the gauge toward the detector end or away from handle to seat the gauge into position (see Figure 1015.02.A).

                                                              i.      Eliminates the air gap between the source rod and the hole.

h.      Press "START/ENTER."

i.        After one minute:

                                                              i.      Readout:

1.      DD = Dry Density = Line 6= 133.0 lbs/ft3

2.      WD = Wet Density = Line 5 =144.4 lbs/ft3

3.      % M = % moisture = Line 8 = 8.3%

j.        Record information on Lines 5, 6, and 8 of the CA-EW-5 Form and on lines 3, 4, and 5 on the CA-EW-6 form.

k.      See Figure 1015.02.F.

                                                              i.      DD = Dry Density = Line 6= 133.0 lbs/ft3

                                                            ii.      WD = Wet Density = Line 5 =144.4 lbs/ft3

                                                          iii.      % M =  % Moisture = Line 8 = 8.3%

Using the Ohio Typical Curves

Optimum moisture content and maximum dry density can be determined from the Proctor test results, nuclear gauge results, and the Ohio Typical Density Curves as described in Section 1015.01.C and 1015.01.D.  Use the Plotted Ohio Typical Density Curves for compaction testing, which are in S-1015.

Once the wet density and percent moisture is obtained from the Proctor test, it can be used to find the curve that represents the soil being tested.  Use nuclear method or drying method to determine percent moisture in lieu of the penetration resistance method; do not use the penetration resistance method.

 Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: scan0001

 

Figure 1015.02.F - Completed CA-EW-5 Compaction Form


Selecting a Typical Curve Using the Nuclear Gauge Results

1.      Secure a representative soil sample of about 10 lbs (5 kg).

a.       Use the soil between the end of the probe and the back of the gauge (see Figure 1015.02.A).

2.      Sieve the material through a 3/4-inch (19 mm) sieve.

a.       Use Form CA-EW-5 if less than 10 percent of the soil is retained.

b.      Use Form CA-EW-6 if more than 10 percent of the soil retained.

c.       Use a Test Section Method if more than 25 percent is retained.

3.      Thoroughly mix the material passing the 3/4-inch (19 mm) sieve.

4.      Make a proctor using Section 1015.01.B.2 of this manual.

a.       Make a Proctor test for every compaction test (a soil cannot be correctly identified without this test).

b.      When weighing the Proctor mold and soil, the scales must be level and balanced.

                                                              i.      The scales need to be leveled with a carpenter’s level.  Put the scale on a piece of flat plywood and then level the board.  You may elect to level the weighting plate.

                                                            ii.      The older scales must be balanced once it is leveled.  The weighting mechanism should float between the top and bottom bar.  If it does not, then sand or pebbles can be added to the lever arm to make it balance.

5.      Record and calculate the proctor results on Lines 10 through 13 on the CA-EW-5 and lines 11-14 on the CA-EW-6.

a.       Use Figure 1015.02.F.

b.      Line 10 (14.01 lbs) – Line 11(9.24 lbs) = Line 12 (4.77 lbs)

c.       Line 12 (4.77 lbs) × 30 = Line 13 (143.1 lbs/ft3)

6.      Pick the Wet density Curve Using

a.       The Proctor wet density.

b.      Line 13 = 143.1lbs/ft3

c.       Moisture from gauge readings or by another drying method.

d.      Line 8= 8.3%

7.      Use the printed Ohio Typical Density or Project Curves (see Figure 1015.02.G).

a.       Draw a horizontal line through the wet density on the Ohio Typical Density Curves from the Proctor weight on Line 13, on the CA-EW-5, or Line 14, on the CA-EW-6 Form.

                                                              i.      Line 13 = 143.1 lbs/ft3

b.      Extend a vertical line from the percent moisture shown on Line 8 on the CA-EW-5 or Line 5 on the CA-EW-6 Form to intersect the horizontal line.

                                                              i.      Line 8 = 8.3%

Figure 1015.02.G - Example of Using the Ohio Typical Density Curves

c.       If the intersection falls on a curve, choose the curve.

d.      If the intersection falls between two curves, choose the next highest curve.

8.      Use the maximum dry weight and optimum moisture data in the upper right hand corner of Figure 1015.02.G from the curve that is chosen.

a.       In this example, curve “D” is the correct curve.

9.      After the curve is selected, record optimum moisture content on Line 14 and the maximum dry density on Line 15 of Form CA-EW. For the CA-EW-6, record the optimum moisture content on Line 15 and the maximum dry density on Line 18.

a.       Line 15 = Maximum Dry Density = 134.1 lbs/ft³

b.      Line 14 = Optimum Moisture Content = 8.5%

Calculating Compaction and Zero Air Voids

Use Figure 1015.02.F.

1.      Use line 16 to calculate the difference in moisture contents.

a.       Line 14 = 8.5 percent - Line 8 (8.3 percent) = - 0.2 percent  (below optimum)

2.      Use line 17 to calculate compaction.

a.       (Line 6/ Line 15) × 100 = (133.0 lbs/ft3/ 134.1 lbs/ft3) × 100 = 99.2 percent.

3.      Compare to the allowable in the specifications shown in Table 203.07-1.

 

Table 203.07-1 Embankment Compaction Requirements

Maximum Laboratory Dry Weight

(lb/ft3 )

Minimum Compaction (percent)

90 to 104.9

102

105 to 119.9

100

120 and more

98

a.       Since Line 15 = 134.1 lb/ft3 > 120 the minimum required compaction is 98 percent.

b.      Line 17 = 99.2 percent > 98 percent

c.       The test passes.

4.      If density and stability are achieved, then moisture passed.

a.       See Manual of Procedures Section 203.07.

5.      Check zero air voids.

a.       Use Figure 1015.01.02.H.

b.      Use line 6 = 133.0

                                                              i.      Get 9.5

c.       9.5 percent > Line 8 = 8.3 percent

d.      Good (Line 8 may be a maximum of 1 percent above the Figure 1015.02.H value).

Can calculate the percentage by using the formula in Figure 1015.02.H

                                                              i.      Where G = 2.67 and D = line 6

                                                            ii.      If you are good with math, then the formula is much easier to use than the graph.

6.      The check on the zero air voids is not required by S-1015, but it is a good check on the nuclear gauge readings.  The moisture obtained from the curve or graph is the maximum moisture that can exist in the soil being tested.  If the gauge moisture readings are larger than the ones obtained from the graph, then an error may exist in the test.

 

 

Figure 1015.02.H - Zero Air Voids Curve

Moisture Controls

Moisture Control of Soil Embankments during Construction

This section discusses moisture controls during construction, details some of the variables in the moisture controls, and discusses alternate methods used to verify or modify the moisture readings from the nuclear gauge.

Experience has shown that to obtain the specification density, the moisture content must be at or near optimum.  Some soils, particularly silty soils with low plasticity, may meet the moisture (± 3 percent from optimum) and the compaction requirements, but have unsatisfactory stability.

Some soils compact better and meet the density and stability requirements at minimum moisture of -3 or more below optimum.  The reason for limiting the moisture contents for soil embankment this way is to ensure stable embankments.

The Elasticity and Deformation of Soils is discussed in Section 203.02 and Moisture Controls are discussed in Section 203.07.A of this manual.

There is not a numerical moisture requirement in the specifications.  The Contractor must compact the material at a moisture content to obtain the density and stability of the material.  Moisture and compaction controls are necessary to secure the quality of embankments and subgrades that are essential for the long life and performance.

Alternate Tests for Moisture

The specifications do not numerically limit the moisture content of embankment or subgrade soils.  Moisture determinations must be made in the field to pick the required moisture-density curve and to control the Contractor’s compaction operations.  The following sections deal with various methods of determining moisture contents of soils.

For engineering purposes, the moisture of soil is expressed in percent of dry weight.

 

Percent Moisture =

Weight of water in soil

× 100

Weight of dry soil

Most of the time, the moisture of a soil should be obtained by using the nuclear gauge readings.  However, there are situations where drying methods can and should be used.  Moisture content is the most variable reading from the nuclear gauge.  There are varieties of chemicals in the soils that can minimize the moisture content reading reliability.  This is particularly true for recycled materials, such as fly ash, bottom ash, foundry sand, or asphalt.

Use the moisture estimating principles detailed in Section 203.02 Estimating Optimum Moisture Content.  This section guides the determination of an alternate moisture measurement.

For each drying method, the soil to be tested should be a representative sample of at least 1 pound (0.5 kilograms).  The soil should be placed in a small, clean can or jar and covered with a tight lid at the construction site to prevent evaporation of moisture while moving to the location of the test.  The test should be conducted as soon as possible after taking the sample.  Location where sample is taken must be noted.

All the moisture tests should be checked against each other to ensure accuracy of the moisture testing.  To record the moisture results, use Figure 1015.01.B, Moisture-Density Calculation Form, and read the appropriate sections.

Oven-Drying Method

This method of determining moisture content is applicable to all types of soils.  The time required to dry the sample depends on the size and moisture content of the sample and the type of soil.

This method should be used for any recycled material.  This can be used to apply a moisture correction to the nuclear gauge readings when the material is uniform.  This is particularly true for fly ash.

Equipment

1.      Two-burner stove.  Either oil stove or a camp stove using white gasoline.

2.      “Boss 75” portable oven or equivalent.

a.       This oven measures approximately 20 inches (0.5 meters) high, 20 inches (0.5 meters) wide, and 13 inches (0.3 meters) deep.

b.      It sets on and is heated by the stove.

3.      Several baking pans approximately 12 inches × 8-1/2 inches × 2-1/2 inches (300 mm × 200 mm × 63 mm).

4.      Masonry trowel or putty knife.

5.      Can of fuel.  The can has tight stoppers and is painted red if used for gasoline.

6.      Scale of 25 pound (12 kilogram) capacity sensitive to 0.01 pound (1 gram).

7.      Piece of flat glass or pieces of bond paper with texture similar to the compaction forms.

Procedure

1.      Weigh the pan to the nearest 0.01 pound (1 gram).  Record the weight.

2.      Place approximately 1 pound (0.5 kilograms) of representative sample of wet soil in the pan on the scale.

a.       Record the combined weight.

3.      Break-up all lumps of soil with the putty knife or trowel and avoid any loss of the sample.

4.      Place the pan with the sample in the oven with the stove on.  Stir the soil every 3 to 5 minutes.

5.      After the soil has changed to a lighter color and appears to be dry, remove the soil sample from the oven and test to determine if it is completely dry by using one of the following methods:

a.       Lay a piece of bond paper approximately 2 inches × 3 inches (50 mm × 75 mm) on the sample. 

                                                              i.      If the paper curls immediately when laid on the sample, the soil contains moisture.

                                                            ii.      The paper used for this test must be bond of hard surface texture like the paper used for the compaction forms.

b.      Hold a piece of clean glass or a mirror in a horizontal position about 1 inch (25 mm) above the soil sample.

                                                              i.      If the glass steams up, this is an indication of further moisture in the sample. 

c.       Keep the glass away from the heat of the stove or direct rays of hot sun prior to the test since this test depends upon condensation of moisture in the hot air onto the cooler glass.

6.      If the test indicates further moisture in the sample, stir the sample and continue drying. 

a.       Test the soil every 3 to 5 minutes until the test indicates the soil is dry.

7.      Weigh the dried sample and pan to the nearest 0.01 pound (1 gram).  Record this weight.

8.      Subtract the weight of the pan from the weight of the pan and the dry sample to obtain the weight of the dried sample.

9.      Subtract the weight of the dried sample from the weight of the wet sample.  This is the weight of water in the original sample.

10.  Divide the weight of the water by the weight of the dried sample.  Multiply this result by 100.  This gives the percentage of moisture in the sample.  The equation is:

 

Percent Moisture =

Weight of wet soil – Weight of dry soil

× 100

Weight of dry soil

Open-Pan Drying Method

This method is quick, simple, and obtains accurate results for granular material.  This method should not be used for fine-grained soils (silts or clays) because the high temperatures may burn away the organic material if it happens to be present.  This method can be used for fine-grained soils where limited accuracy is satisfactory and approximate moisture results are acceptable.

This method should not be used for any recycled material.  It has been found to give lower moisture contents than is really in the material.  This is particularly true for fly ash.

Equipment

1.      Scale of 25 lbs (12 kg) capacity sensitive of 0.01 lbs (1 gram).

2.      Several baking pans approximately 12 inches × 8-1/2 inches × 2-1/2 inches (300 mm × 200 mm × 63 mm).

3.      Putty knife or other device for breaking up and stirring the soil.

4.      Two-burner stove burning white gasoline.

5.      Piece of flat glass or pieces of hard surface bond paper with texture similar to the compaction forms.

Procedure

Follow steps outlined in Section 1015.02.H.3, Oven-Drying Method, Steps A thru L, except place the pan directly over the burner instead of in the oven.

Precautions

The following cautions should be taken to avoid introducing errors into the test.

1.      Avoid overheating the soil.

a.       Use two pans, one inside the other, to avoid hot spots that may occur when a single pan is used.

2.      Avoid baking the soil.

a.       Baking can be prevented by testing the material with a paper or glass test at sufficiently close intervals, so that further heating can be discontinued after all the moisture has been evaporated.

3.      Ensure that no soil is lost during the test.

Alcohol-Burning Drying Method

This method is quick and simple.  The alcohol burns at a low enough temperature 286 ºF to 320 ºF (140 ºC to 160 ºC) so that it can be used with accuracy for most soil types. 

This method should be done outside or in a well-ventilated area.

Equipment

1.      Scale of 25 lb (12 kg) capacity sensitive of 0.01 lb (1 gram).

2.      12 × 8.5 × 2.5 inches (300 × 200 × 63 mm) baking pan.

3.      Pan or can with perforated bottom and filter paper to fit bottom.

a.       A 10 oz (300 mL) round sample can is suitable for this purpose.

4.      Glass stirring rod. 

5.      Supply of alcohol in tightly sealed can.

Procedure

1.      Weigh perforated pan or can with filter paper in the bottom.  Record weight.

2.      Place sample of wet soil in perforated pan or can; weigh and record weight.

3.      Place perforated pan or can in larger pan and stir alcohol into the soil sample with a glass rod until the mixture has the consistency of a thin mud or slurry.

a.       When stirring, do not disturb the filter paper on the bottom.

b.      Clean the rod.

4.      Ignite the alcohol in the other pan and in the sample and burn off all alcohol.

5.      Repeat the process three times or until successive weighings indicate no reduction in weight after each time burning.

6.      After final burning, weigh perforated can or pan and dry soil, and record weight. 

7.      The weight of dry soil equals the weight minus weight of perforated pan or can and filter.

8.      Calculate moisture content as shown in Section J though L of Section 1015.02.H.3.

Gasoline-Burning Drying Method
Application

This is a quick and simple method of drying.  However, the gasoline burns at such a high temperature that it should be used only to dry granular materials.  This method should only be conducted outside.

Equipment and Procedures

This method of drying is similar to the alcohol-drying method with the exception that the perforated pan and filter are not used.  The gasoline can be mixed with the sample in the baking pan and burned in the pan.  Except for this, the test is run exactly the same as the alcohol-burning method, described in Section 1015.02.H.5.

 

Compaction Testing Requiring an Aggregate Correction (1015.06.C.2)

The Aggregate Correction Problem

As detailed in Section 1015.01.E.3 Coarse Aggregate Problem, the moisture-density relationship is very good for soils passing the 3/4-inch (19 mm) sieve as it relates to the field compaction of soils.  There are problems when this relationship is extrapolated to soils larger than the 3/4-inch (19 mm) sieve material or for granular soils.  Corrections must be made to account for these materials.  In certain circumstances, field densities do not correspond to the laboratory results.

Figure 1015.03.A details a plot of adding or subtracting coarse aggregate to a soil and the resulting change in the moisture-density curves.

As you add gravel or add 3/4 inch (19 mm) material to the soil, the optimum moisture content shifts to the left and the maximum dry density increases.  The average increase in density is approximately about 1 percent per 10 percent of material retained on the 3/4-inch (19 mm) sieve.

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: 101501H

Figure 1015.03.A - Coarse Aggregate Effects

If you sieve the material through the 3/4-inch-sieve, remove 20 percent coarse aggregate, and do not consider this, you could easily be one or two curves lower than intended.

This correction usually increases the maximum dry density and reduces the optimum moisture content.  This effect is taken care of on the Compaction Form CA-EW-6.

Use the correction on the CA-EW-6 Compaction Form where more than 10 percent but less than 25 percent of the material is retained on the 3/4-inch (19 mm) sieve.  See Figure 1015.03.B, Aggregate Correction Method.

 

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: 101503Bc

Figure 1015.03.B - Aggregate Correction Method

Caution: Sand which is almost pure may have between 10 to 25 percent retained on the 3/4 inch-sieve.  A test section method would be used in this case.  This method is to be used with Fine Grained Materials with significant granular material retained.

Using Form CA-EW-6 Nuclear Gauge Compaction with an Aggregate Correction

A completed form is detailed in Figure 1015.03.C.  The general sections of this form are as follows:

 

 

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: scan0003

Figure 1015.03.C - Completed CA-EW-6 Compaction Form

(Pictures added for clarity)

I. Nuclear Gauge Readings

Lines 1 thru 5 are explained in Section 1015.02.D.

II. Remove the Soil from under the Gauge and Sieve thru a 3/4 inch Sieve

This section is a straightforward calculation of the stone retained on the 3/4-inch sieve.  Calculate through lines 6 through 10.

The percentage on line 10 is represented by the following equation:

 

Percent of Stone in Sample =

Weight of stone retained

× 100

Weight of total soil sample

III. Proctor Test Using the Soil passing the 3/4-inch Sieve

See Section 1015.02.F, Section D, and 1015.01.B.2 for an explanation of lines 11 thru 14.

IV. Pick the Curve for the Ohio Density Curves Using No. 14 and (No.5 or 16)

See Section 1015.02.F for an explanation of lines 15 through 18.

V. Compaction Calculation When Line 10 is less than 10 percent

Line 19 is explained in Section 1015.02.G.

VI. Compaction Calculation When Line 10 is greater than 10 percent and less than 25 percent

This section uses Figure 1015.03.D, Aggregate Correction Graph A, and Figure 1015.03.E, Moisture Correction with an Aggregate Correction, to find a new maximum dry density and optimum moisture.

The Nuclear Gauge Test is similar to Section 1015.02 with the exceptions being the calculation of the percent retained on the 3/4-inch sieve on line 10 in Section II and Section VI is new.

Calculate a New Maximum Dry Density

This section details Figure 1015.03.D, Aggregate Correction Graph A.

The instructions are on the graph.

1.      The inputs needed are:

a.       The specific gravity of the stone retained on the 3/4-inch sieve. 

                                                              i.      The typical values are listed on the graph.

b.      The maximum density found on line 18: 109.6 lbs/ft3.

c.       The percent retained on the 3/4-inch sieve on line 10: 20 percent.

2.      Draw a line between the specific gravity and the value on line 18.

3.      Input line 10 value on the bottom of the graph and draw a vertical to the line drawn previously.

4.      Continue the line to the left on a right angle to the corrected maximum dry density.

5.      Input this value found on line 20 on the CA-EW-6.

This is the corrected maximum dry density: 116.5 lbs/ft3.

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Graph A version 3 Aggregate Correction Nomographs

 

Figure 1015.03.D - Aggregate Correction Graph A

Determine a New Optimum Moisture

New optimum moisture is found by inputting the new maximum dry density into the maximum density values in the upper right hand corner on Figure 1015.03.E.

 

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: OTDCCAEW6

Figure 1015.03.E - Moisture Correction for an Aggregate Correction

For example, the maximum dry density on line 20 is 116.5 lbs/ft3.  This value is between curve K (117) and L (114.5).  The new optimum value is 13.5 percent which is the moisture corresponding to the next highest curve which is Curve K.

Compaction, Difference in Optimum Moisture Content and Zero Air Voids

The compaction, the difference in optimum moisture content, and the zero air voids are calculated on lines 22 to 24. 

Figure 1015.03.F - Zero Air Voids Curve

 

 

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Fig 101503G Using CA-EW-5 CA-EW-6 p1

Figure 1015.03.G - Outline for Using Forms CA-EW-5 and CA-EW-6 (1 of 2)

 

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Fig 101503H Using CA-EW-5 CA-EW-6 p2

Figure 1015.03.H - Outline for Using Forms CA-EW-5 and CA-EW-6 (2 of 2)

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: 101503I

Figure 1015.03.I - Compaction and Testing Guide

 

Compaction Testing for Granular Materials (1015.06.C.1)

General Explanation

This section describes how to perform compaction testing for materials used as granular soil, sand, structural backfill Type 1 or 2, 304, 411, select granular backfill for MSE walls, granular material Type A, B, C, D or F, or any materials that requires a test section.

The dry density of the material is used for compaction control.  The wet density method is no longer used.

Moisture-density Proctor curves were originally developed for use on cohesive (clays and silts) soils.  Errors or complications arise when trying to extrapolate these principles to other materials.  This is the reason the Engineer or Inspector is given the latitude to choose density requirements that are based on the test section results. 

A one-point Proctor method using the typical density curves may be used for granular soils.  The top curves of the Ohio Typical Density Curves A through E are usually chosen in this case.  These curves will only work in a very limited number of cases.  This method should only be used as a last resort.

These materials must have a moisture-density curve made a few weeks before the Contractor proposes to use the material.  Curves may be made in the field or by the Laboratory.

Making a moisture-density curve for these materials is the same procedure explained in Section 1015.01.B.  A typical moisture-density curve for a granular material is shown in Figure 1015.04.A.

 

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: 101504Ac

Figure 1015.04.A - Typical Granular Moisture-Density Curve

The district should contact the Office of Geotechnical Engineering to have a moisture-density curve made.

The maximum dry density and optimum moisture content data obtained from this curve may or may not work in the field.  The following are examples and further explanation of some of the problems associated with the density control of these materials.

Examples of Density Problems

Using a Sandy Material

It may not be possible to obtain the maximum density of the curve no matter how or with what equipment the Contractor uses to compact the material.  This is particularly true for sandy material with silt fines.

Reason

The Proctor mold used to produce the moisture-density curve confines the sand in all directions.  In the field, since sand doesn't interlock or knit together well without being confined, the roller will squeeze the material laterally. The Proctor maximum densities may not be obtained in the field.

The sand may not even support the weight of the roller.  The lab and field confining pressures and compactive effort are not compatible in this case.

This is shown in Figure 1015.04.B

Solution

Use the test section maximum density.

Using a Well Graded Granular Material like 304

In this case, the maximum dry densities obtained in the field, using the test section method, often exceed the maximum dry density of the moisture-density curve.

Reason

The 304 type material is well interlocked and allows the roller to transfer more energy, compactive effort, or load to the material. 

This roller load or energy is much larger than the Proctor hammer load of 5.5 lbs. (2.5 kg) dropped 12 inches (305 mm) in three lifts.

This is shown in Figure 1015.04.B.

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: 101504B

Figure 1015.04.B - Maximum Density Problems

Solution

Use the test section maximum density.

Compacting on a Soft Foundation

If the material is being compacted on a soft foundation, then the maximum density cannot be achieved.  Excessive rolling will only result in pumping and creating an unstable foundation.

This applies to all types of materials. You cannot compact good material over bad material and expect to achieve a maximum density.  You cannot compact material on jello-type material to a maximum density either.  The maximum test section densities, if taken at all, would be less than the maximum curve value.

Compacting in Confined Spaces (1015.04.B.4)

There are a variety of locations where light equipment is used to compact material.  Some examples are for:

1.      Pipe backfill.

2.      Manhole backfill.

3.      Around abutments.

4.      MSE walls.

The potential maximum density is limited to the type of equipment used to compact this material in these confined spaces.

Throughout the specifications for these items, ODOT requires minimum compaction equipment weight for these areas where a test section is used for compaction acceptance.

The maximum density that can be achieved is proportional to the heaviest equipment that can be used in these locations.  The maximum density that can be achieved in these locations is usually less than the moisture-density curve value.

Moisture Problems

The granular material should be brought on site at or near optimum moisture.  When this is not the case, moisture should be added before rolling occurs.  This is particularly important for 304 gradation materials since this material cannot readily absorb water.

In 304.03, it is required that the stockpile of 304 material have a moisture content of at least 2 percent below optimum.

Optimum moisture from the Proctor moisture-density curve of granular materials is not always correct.  Sometimes the granular material begins to roll or pump when the material is compacted at or near optimum moisture obtained from the moisture-density curve.  This is caused by excess water in the material and the difference between the field and curve confining forces.  In this case, dry the material until stability is achieved; usually 1 to 3 percent below optimum will work.

Summary of the Moisture-Density Problems

A granular moisture-density curve should always be used to estimate the maximum density and optimum moisture.  When using these materials, the Proctor moisture-density curve is used as a guide; the exact maximum density and optimum moisture can only be found in the field.

The test section method of compaction acceptance compensates for:

1.      Material differences.

2.      Moisture-density curve and potential field density differences.

3.      Moisture problems.

4.      Soft foundations.

5.      Confined construction.

The maximum density determined in the field is relative to all of the above.

Equipment and Compaction Testing (1015.04)

The equipment used for compaction testing is listed in 1015.04.

The compaction testing is the same as in section 1015.02.D, except for the following:

1.      A Proctor is not taken for every test.

a.       Only used to obtain the moisture-density curve.

2.      The “Backscatter Mode” on the gauge is used.

a.       Ensure that the surface voids are all filled or the surface texture is the same.

b.      Variation in the measurements will result.

3.      Use Form CA-EW-5.

Minimum Roller Weights for Test Sections

Throughout the specifications, you will find minimum roller weight requirements when a test section method is used for acceptance.

The following is from C&MS 203.06.A, page 92.

“For soil or granular material, when a test section is used, use a minimum compactive effort of eight passes with a steel wheel roller having a minimum weight of 10 tons (9 metric tons).”

The maximum potential obtained in the field is relative to the roller weight used in the test section.  Therefore, minimums were established to fit the field conditions.  You will notice that the confined areas have a much lower minimum weight and less maximum acceptance value.

Do not be confused by the word centrifugal force.  It is only the effective weight when including the vibration of the equipment.

 

Procedure for Constructing a Test Section Method A (1015.06.C.3)

Method A is used when the moisture-density curve can be established to estimate the maximum density and optimum moisture.

The following is an outline of the procedure:

1.      Test section size is 400 square yards (for embankment or aggregate base).

2.      Spread the material at the correct lift thickness.

a.       Usually 6 to 8 inches.

3.      Moisture content at - 1 to + 1 of optimum.

a.       Water or dry throughout the lift.

b.      Reduce moisture if unstable.

4.      Compact with two passes.

5.      Take a compaction test.

a.       Mark the location with paint.

b.      Record on line 6 of form CA-EW-5.

6.      Compact with one more pass and continue testing until:

a.       No further increase in density.

b.      Or the density decreases.

7.      Once a maximum is obtained.

a.       Make two additional passes and take one additional test.

b.      Verifies the maximum value (Verification Test).

8.      Record the total number of passes.

a.       Use line 9 of CA-EW-5.

9.      Use this number of passes or the specification minimum in the production area. 

10.  Compact the production area to at least 98 percent of the test section maximum.

There are statements throughout the specifications that require a minimum number of passes.  Experience has shown that these minimum passes for the different materials result in more uniform compaction in the production areas.

If the specification calls for 8 passes, use the 8 passes even though the test section may show that 6 passes are needed to obtain a maximum.  More production area tests will pass by using these minimum passes.

There are also statements throughout the specifications that allow a decrease in minimum number of passes, such as:

“The Engineer may reduce the minimum passes if the passes are detrimental to compaction.”

There are also statements about making a new test section when conditions change.

“Construct a new test section if the pipe type, bedding material, backfill material, or trench conditions change.”

All of these statements allow the Engineer to control the work to meet the field conditions and to obtain maximum densities.

Table 1015.06.A – Test Section Value Examples (‘X’ denotes Maximum Used)

Passes

2

3

4

5

6

Verification Passes (2)

Density

126

134

135

140X

122

125

 

110

108

112

116

116X

109

 

120

129

132

130

 

145 (Take more Tests)

 

Test Section Method B (1015.06.C.3)

This type of test section is used when a moisture-density curve cannot be made or is not available at the time of construction.  Recycled materials, such as some foundry sands or fly ash can be tested this way.  Since the maximum density or optimum moisture are unknown, we have to create the field curve.

Use the same procedure as in Section 1015.05, except for the following.

1.      Place the material in the required lifts.

a.       Bone dry (0 to 3 percent).

2.      Compact and test until:

a.       A maximum value is reached.

b.      Record the density on line 6 on the CA-EW-5.

c.       Record the number of passes on line 9.

3.      Place new material.

a.       At a new location.

b.      At a moisture content 2 percent higher.

4.      Compact and test to a maximum value.

5.      Repeat the procedure.

a.       At higher moisture until.

                                                              i.      Maximum value is achieved.

                                                            ii.      Two test sections have the same or lower densities.

                                                          iii.      Material becomes unstable.

6.      Use this maximum density, optimum moisture, and number of passes in the production areas.

 

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: 101506Ac

Figure 1015.06.A - Typical Fly Ash Curves

 

Test Section Method C (1015.06.C.3)

This test section is used for open graded material, such as non-stabilized drainage base.  It can also be used for open graded aggregate bases where the surface texture is very open and/or non-uniform.

The test section procedure is the same as detailed in 1015.05 except for the following:

1.      Place and compact the material at 1.5 percent above saturated surface dry (SSD).

2.      Construct a test section.

a.       400 square yards.

b.      Take three tests.

c.       Average them.

d.      Compare the averages.

3.      The maximum dry density is reached when:

a.       A maximum density average is achieved.

b.      The aggregate breaks.

c.       Whichever comes first.

4.      Take 10 tests in the control section.

a.       Use 98 percent of this density as the control section maximum.

5.      For acceptance.

a.       Take five tests in a 5,000 square yard lot.

b.      This average must be greater than 98 percent of the control section maximum.

 

Compaction Testing for Shale (1015.07)

Compaction testing for shale will depend on the durability of the shale.  Perform the durability test (Bucket test) outlined in 703.16.D in the C&MS.  The compaction testing is directly associated with the results.  It provides a ready means to determine what test method to use for compaction acceptance.

In practice, different materials will always be mixed together in a fill situation.  However, the durability test gives a good indication of how the material should break down during compaction and is an excellent way to determine how to test the compaction of the shale.

 

Compaction Acceptance (1015.08)

Compaction acceptance is always based on the dry density of the material.   After the material is compacted, the dry density does not change with the addition or reduction of water, while the wet density does increase with the addition of water and decrease as the material dries.

 

Number of Tests (1015.09)

Use Forms CA-EW-5 and CA-EW-6 for recording and reporting results of compaction tests.  Retain these test reports in the project files.  Keep these test reports in the folders of the items of work.

This section outlines the lot size and number of tests that are used on each lot for acceptance.

Under normal field conditions, the number of density and moisture checks required should not be that great after the initial period of adjustment, assuming that the work is proceeding smoothly and materials being compacted are uniform. 

The Engineer and Inspector will learn to judge the moisture content of the material quickly by appearance and feel.  If adequate densities are obtained and the proper moisture content is maintained, the job of inspection may consist of deciding on the number of passes of the roller required for satisfactory test section density and ensuring that this number of passes is made. 

Under such conditions, only one or two density checks per day may be required.  Where conditions are more variable, density and moisture checks may be needed as often as once an hour.  The Engineer and Inspector can determine the exact number of checks required.

 

Documentation Requirements - Supplement 1015 Compaction Testing of Unbound Materials

1.      Document all materials, inspection, and compaction information on Form CA‑EW‑12.

2.      For Items 203, 204, 205, 206, 840, 503, 611, Soil Embankment, and all items that 203 Embankment is specified:

a.       If less than 10 percent of material passes the 3/4-inch sieve, document on form CA-EW-5.

b.      If more than 10 percent, but less than 25 percent of the material passes the 3/4-inch sieve, document on form CA-EW-6.

c.       If more than 25 percent of the material passes the 3/4-inch sieve, document on form CA-EW-5.

3.      Items 203, Granular Embankment; 203 Granular Material Types A, B, C, D, or F; Item 304, 411, 503, Select Granular Backfill for MSE Walls; and Structural Backfill and Granular Embankment, document on form CA-EW-5.

 

 

 

SUPPLEMENT 1015
Compaction Testing of Unbound Materials

December 31, 2012

1015.01           General

1015.02           Definitions

1015.03           Referenced Standards

1015.04           Apparatus

1015.05           Forms

1015.06           Procedure

1015.07           Shale

1015.08           Compaction Acceptance

1015.09           Number of Tests

Typical Moisture Density Curves – Set C – May 1949

Aggregate Correction Chart

 

1015.01     General.  Compaction testing of unbound materials consists of determining the in-place density of a material (such as fine-grained soil, granular material, or shale) and calculating the percent compaction of the material based on a maximum dry density.  Depending on the material, determine the maximum dry density using either the one-point Proctor method, the one-point Proctor with aggregate correction method, or the test section method.

Perform compaction testing according to this supplement for Items 203, 204, 205, 206, 304, 411, 503, 611, 840 and other items when this supplement is specified.

The Department will perform the compaction tests unless specifically stated otherwise in the Contract Documents.

1015.02     Definitions.

Fine-grained soil. A soil with more than 35 percent of the material finer than the No. 200 sieve.  Fine-grained soils include soils classified as A-4a, A-4b, A-5, A-6a, A-6b, A-7-5, and A‑7‑6 according to AASHTO M 145 (as modified by the Department’s Specifications for Geotechnical Explorations).

Granular material. A soil, aggregate or stone with 35 percent or less of the material finer than the No. 200 sieve.  Granular material includes coarse aggregate; granular material types A through F; sand; select granular backfill for MSE walls; Items 304, 410, 411, and 614; and material classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-3, and A-3a according to AASHTO M 145 (as modified by the Department’s Specifications for Geotechnical Explorations).

Roller pass. When used in the context of compacting soil and unbound materials, one roller pass is when compaction equipment travels over a given point on a surface one time.  The compaction equipment may consist of a roller or may also consist of other types of equipment, such as a vibratory plate compactor.

 

1015.03     Referenced Standards

Test Method

AASHTO

Designation

Moisture-Density Relations of Soils (Standard Proctor)

T 99

Correction for Coarse Particles in the Soil Compaction Test

T 224

Family of Curves – One Point Method

T 272

In-Place Density and Moisture Content of Soil and
Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods

T 310

 

1015.04     Apparatus.  Use a nuclear density/moisture gage and other equipment required by AASHTO T 310.  Use a mold, rammer, balance or scale, straightedge, sieves, and other equipment that conforms with AASHTO T 99, Method C.

1015.05     Forms.  Use the following ODOT forms to record compaction test results.

One-point Proctor Method...................................................... CA-EW-5

One-point Proctor with Aggregate Correction Method.......... CA-EW-6

Test Section Method A and B................................................ CA-EW-5

Moisture Density Curve.......................................................... CA-EW-4

 

1015.06     Procedure. 

A.   General.  Depending on the material type, determine the in-place density and maximum dry density using the mode of operation and method as shown in the following table.  The test section method may also be used for fine-grained soils instead of the one-point Proctor method if justified by the material or site conditions.

TABLE 1015.06-1  Compaction Testing Procedure

Material Type

Nuclear Gage Mode of Operation

Method of Determining
Maximum Dry Density

Fine-grained soil, percent oversize particles (retained on ¾-inch sieve)

            less than 10%

Direct transmission

One-point Proctor

            10 to 25%

Direct transmission

One-point Proctor with aggregate correction

            more than 25%

Backscatter

Test section

Granular material

Backscatter

Test section

Shale

(See 1015.07)

(See 1015.07)

 

B.    In-place Density and Moisture.  Determine the in-place density and moisture content using a nuclear gage according to AASHTO T 310 and as described below.

1.    Standard count.  Take a standard count at the beginning of each day the gage is in use. To take a standard count, place the reference block on a flat surface at least six feet (2 m) from any building or structure and at least 30 feet (10 m) from any other radiation source (like another nuclear gage).  The flat surface must have a density greater than 100 lb/ft³ (1600 kg/m³), so asphalt, concrete, compacted aggregate, compacted soil and similar materials are acceptable, but truck beds, tailgates, tables, etc. are not.  Place the gage on the reference block such that it rests between the raised edges of the block and the right side of the gage is firmly against the metal butt plate on the block.  Ensure the source rod is in the “safe” position and start the standard count.

If the standard count passes, accept the new standard. If the standard count does not pass, do not accept it. Check to see if all the requirements above were met.  If so, take another standard count.  If the second standard count also fails, erase all the stored standard counts and take four new sets of standard counts.  Record the standard counts (both density and moisture) on the compaction testing form.

2.    Preparation of surface.  Remove all loose and disturbed material from an area large enough to accommodate the gage (for rough surfaces compacted with a footed roller, this may mean removing around 6 inches of material). Smooth the area with the scraper plate. Fill any voids in the smoothed surface with fine sand or fine-grained soil from nearby the test location.

If using the direct transmission mode to determine in-place density, place the scraper plate on the surface and press down firmly.  Place the extraction tool over one of the guides on the scraper plate and then place the drill rod through the guide.  Hammer the drill rod two inches (50 mm) deeper than the measurement depth.  (Note that many drill rods have markings which include the additional two inches).  Mark at least two edges of the scraper plate to make it easier to correctly place the gage.  Remove the drill rod by pulling straight up and twisting the extraction tool.  Pick up and remove the scraper plate.

3.    Taking a measurement. While taking a measurement, ensure there are no other radiation sources (such as other nuclear gages) within 30 feet (10 m) of the gage.

If using the backscatter mode, place the gage on the prepared surface, extend the source rod to the backscatter position, and take a measurement.

If using the direct transmission mode, slightly tilt the gage and extend the source rod two inches (50 mm).  Place the source rod into the hole formed by the drill rod, and lower the gage to the surface. Then extend the source rod to the required measurement depth. When testing subgrade compaction (Item 204 or 206) use a measurement depth of 12 inches (300 mm). When testing compaction of embankment or backfill materials, use a measurement depth of 8 inches (200 mm) (other measurement depths may also be used depending on lift thickness and site conditions.)  Pull the gage to the right so that the side of the source rod that faces the center of the gage is in firm contact with the side of the hole.  Take a measurement. 

For both modes of operation, use a count time of at least one minute.  A four minute count time may also be used for more accuracy.

Record the in-place readings for wet density, dry density, and percent moisture on the compaction testing form.

Return the source rod to the “safe” position and remove the gage.

4.    Trench correction.  When performing compaction testing in a trench, follow the gage manufacturer’s recommended procedure to perform a trench correction (also called a trench offset).

The nuclear gage determines moisture content by measuring reflected slow neutrons, and it determines density in the backscatter mode by measuring reflected gamma photons.  When operating the gage in a trench, the gage will measure additional reflected gamma photons and neutrons that “bounce” off the sides of the trench, thus increasing the density and moisture content readings.  The trench correction procedure typically consists of taking two standard counts on the reference block, one outside of the trench and one inside of the trench, before determining the in-place density and moisture content of the trench backfill.

5.    Moisture correction. The moisture content reading from the gage may be greater than the actual moisture content when testing soil that contains significant amounts of organic material, coal, gypsum, cement, lime, lime kiln dust, fly ash, or reclaimed asphalt concrete pavement (RACP).  When directed by the Engineer, correct the moisture content according to the gage manufacturer’s recommended procedure.

The nuclear gage determines moisture content by measuring the amount of hydrogen present in the material.  If the material being tested contains significant amounts of hydrogen in a form other than free water (such as soil containing organic material, coal, gypsum, cement, lime, lime kiln dust, fly ash, or RACP), then the gage will report a moisture content reading that is greater than the actual moisture content.  As a result, the gage will also report a dry density reading that is less than the actual dry density. The correction procedure typically consists of comparing the gage moisture content reading to the actual moisture content (determined using other applicable test methods) and determining the offset correction.

Do not perform a moisture correction on chemically stabilized soil (Items 205 and 206) unless directed by the Engineer.  The specifications for Items 205 and 206 account for the fact that the cement, lime, or lime kiln dust mixed into the soil reduces the actual moisture content by binding with free water while not reducing the moisture content reading from the nuclear gage.

C.   Maximum Dry Density.  Determine the maximum dry density using the method specified in Table 1015.06-1 for the material type being tested.  The methods are described below.

1.    One-point Proctor.  Determine the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content for the material according to AASHTO T 272, Method C, except as modified below.  For the family of curves, use the “Typical Moisture Density Curves – Set C – May 1949” included with this document.

Perform a one-point Proctor test for each and every compaction test.  Obtain a soil sample from the area that was directly under the gage during the in-place density and moisture measurement.  Prepare the sample by sieving it through a ¾-inch (19 mm) sieve.  If a significant amount of oversize particles are retained on the ¾-inch (19 mm) sieve, calculate the percentage of oversize particles as compared to the total sample weight and check to see if an aggregate correction is required.

Do not dry the sample. Use the sample at the in-place moisture content.

Place the Proctor mold on a concrete block or concrete surface when compacting the sample.

Use the wet density of the Proctor sample and the percent moisture from the in-place moisture reading to mark a point on the family of curves.  If the point falls on one of the curves, use the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content for that curve.  If the point falls in the space between two curves, use the higher curve to determine the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content.  Record the curve letter, the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content on the compaction testing form.

2.    One-point Proctor with Aggregate Correction.  Determine the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content for the material as described above for the one-point Proctor method.  If the amount of oversize particles that are retained on the ¾-inch (19 mm) sieve is greater than or equal to 10 percent of the total sample and less than or equal to 25 percent, adjust the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content to account for the fact that the oversize particles were removed from the in-place soil sample.  Calculate the corrected maximum dry density according to AASHTO T 224, using either the following equation or the Aggregate Correction Chart included with this document.

MDDc=

62.4 Gs MDD

MDD %C+62.4 Gs (1-%C)

Where:

              MDDc = corrected maximum dry density

               MDD = maximum dry density from one-point Proctor method

                    Gs = bulk specific gravity (oven-dry basis) of oversize particles retained on
   ¾-inch (19 mm) sieve

                  %C = percent of oversize particles (expressed as a decimal, e.g. 12% = 0.12)

 

After calculating the corrected maximum dry density, determine the corrected optimum moisture content by using the Typical Moisture Density Curves.  Find the lowest curve that has a maximum dry density equal to or greater than the maximum dry density.  Use the optimum moisture content for that curve as the corrected optimum moisture content.

3.    Test Section.  Determine the maximum dry density of the material by constructing a test section.  Use Test Section Method A when the moisture-density curve (AASHTO

 

 T 99

) of the material indicates one distinct optimum moisture content.  Use Test Section Method B when the moisture-density curve does not indicate one distinct optimum moisture content for the material.  Use Test Section Method C when the material has significant void space between particles (open graded) or is highly variable.

Construct test sections of the approximate size shown in the table below for the appropriate material.  Notify the Engineer at least 24 hours before performing a test section.

Table 1015.06-2 Approximate size of test section

Material

Test Section Size

Embankment, subgrade or aggregate base

400 yd²

(350 m²)

Trench backfill

10 yd²

(8 m²)

Select granular backfill for MSE walls

40 yd²

(35 m²)

Test Section Method A

1.    Place the material in the test section at a moisture content within one percent of the optimum moisture content. 

2.    Compact the material in the test section with two roller passes. 

3.    Measure the in-place density and moisture content according to 1015.06.B.

4.    Mark the test location within the test section to ensure all in-place density tests are taken in the same location.

5.    Compact the material in the test section with one more roller pass.

6.    Measure the in-place density and moisture content again.

7.    Repeat Steps 5 and 6 until the in-place dry density of the material decreases or stops increasing.

8.    After the maximum dry density is achieved, compact the material with two more roller passes, and measure the in-place density and moisture content a final time to verify the maximum dry density was achieved.

9.    Record the maximum dry density and the number of passes required to achieve the maximum dry density.

When the Contractor uses vibration to assist compaction, adjust the vibration as necessary to prevent instability or cracking.  Reduce the moisture content if the material becomes unstable.  Construct a new test section to determine a new maximum dry density when the material being compacted or the supporting foundation material changes significantly.

Test Section Method B

1.    Place the material in the test section at a moisture content from 0 to 3 percent.

2.    Determine the trial maximum dry density at this moisture content by following Steps 2 through 8 of Test Section Method A.

3.    Record the trial maximum dry density, the moisture content, and the number of roller passes required to achieve the trial maximum dry density at this moisture content.

4.    Repeat Steps 1 through 3 above, increasing the moisture content approximately 2 percent each time, until the additional water makes the material unstable or until the trial maximum dry density decreases or stops increasing with the added water.

5.    Record the greatest trial maximum dry density from the steps above as the maximum dry density for the material.  Also record the moisture content and the number of roller passes required to achieve this maximum dry density.

When the Contractor uses vibration to assist compaction, adjust the vibration as necessary to prevent instability or cracking.  Construct a new test section to determine a new maximum dry density when the material being compacted or the supporting foundation material changes significantly.

Test Section Method C

1.    Place the material in the test section at a moisture content at least 1.5 percent above a saturated surface dry condition. 

2.    Compact the material in the test section with two roller passes. 

3.    Measure the in-place density and moisture content according to 1015.06.B in three different locations.  Calculate the average dry density.

4.    Mark each test location within the test section to ensure each subsequent in-place density test is taken in the same location.

5.    Compact the material in the test section with one more roller pass.

6.    Measure the in-place density and moisture content again at the same three locations.  Calculate the average dry density.

7.    Repeat Steps 5 and 6 until the average dry density decreases or stops increasing, or the compaction begins to crush and break the aggregate pieces.

8.    Once compaction of the test section is complete, measure the in-place density at ten different locations within the test section.  Calculate the maximum dry density as the average dry density of the ten in-place density measurements.

9.    Record the maximum dry density and the number of roller passes required to achieve the maximum dry density.

Apply water to the surface during compaction to maintain a moisture content at least 1.5 percent above a saturated surface dry condition.  The Contractor may use water from the roller to achieve this.  Construct a new test section to determine a new maximum dry density when the material being compacted or the supporting foundation material changes significantly.

D.   Calculations.  Calculate the percent compaction by dividing the in-place dry density measurement by the maximum dry density for the material.  Use the corrected maximum dry density if an aggregate correction was required.

1015.07     Shale.  The compaction testing method for shale depends on the durability of the shale. Test shale for durability according to 703.16.D to determine if the shale is durable or nondurable shale.  Use the results from the durability testing to determine the appropriate compaction testing method for shale according to the following table.  Perform the compaction testing according to 1015.06.

TABLE 1015.07-1  SHALE Compaction Testing Procedure

Test Results from 703.16.D

Nuclear Gage Mode of Operation

Method of Determining
Maximum Dry Density

Percent retained on ¾-inch sieve after sitting in water for 48 hours

            less than 10%

Direct transmission

One-point Proctor

            10 to 25%

Direct transmission

One-point Proctor with aggregate correction

            25% to 75%

Backscatter

Test section

            more than 75%

Field test for durability using a roller (see below).

Percent of shale that breaks down with six passes of a roller.

            more than 40%

Backscatter

Test section

            less than 40%

No compaction testing. Compact with specified number of roller passes.

1015.08     Compaction Acceptance.  The minimum compaction requirement as a percentage of the maximum dry density is given in the corresponding specification for the material.  All compaction percentages are calculated based on the dry density of the material.

1015.09     Number of Tests.  Divide the work into lots as shown in the following table. Perform the minimum number of compaction tests as shown in the table.  When a lot is measured in square yards (square meters) and the material is placed in multiple lifts, perform at least the minimum number of compaction tests on each lift.

Table 1015.09-1  Minimum Number of Compaction Tests

Item

Maximum Lot Size *

Minimum Number of Compaction Tests

203 and 205

2000 yd³ (1530 m³)

One per Lot

204 and 206

3000 yd² (2500 m²)

One per Lot

304 and 411

5000 yd² (4200 m²)

One per Lot

611 backfill

50 feet (17 m) of pipe

One per Lot or one every 5th lift,
whichever results in more compaction tests.

503 backfill

One structure

One every 5th lift

840 select granular backfill

300 ft (100 m) of wall

One for every lift
in the Lot

* - The lot size may be modified by the Engineer to maintain a workable system. For example, two or more areas containing small quantities of embankment material could be combined into one lot.


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