Common words and terms used
in this manual are defined in this section.
Definitions for other words or terms that may call for clarification in
this manual are found in the “Construction and Material Specifications.”
AASHTO - American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
ACFA - Actual Cost of Force Account.
ASTM - American Society of Testing and
Materials.
Blue Book - Rental Rate Blue Book for Construction Equipment.
C&MS -
The Construction and Material Specifications of the Ohio Department of
Transportation.
Calendar Day -
Everyday shown on the calendar.
Change Order
- A written order issued by the Department to the Contractor, covering changes
to contract terms and conditions, plans and/or quantities, within or beyond the
scope of the Contract and establishing the basis of payment and time adjustment
for the work affected by the changes.
Completion Date
- The date, as shown in the contract documents, on which the work contemplated,
shall be completed.
Construction Monitor - The DCA appointed ODOT employee responsible
for primary construction administration coordination with the LPA and its
designated employees, engineers, and contractors on Local let projects.
Contract Limits - The amount a contract pay item may be increased or the cost of a new
item of work that may be added to a project without competitive bidding or
Controlling Board review. ORC 5525.14 sets these limits as:
Original Contract Price Contract
Limits
$500,000 or lower $25,000
$500,001 to $2,000,000 5%
of Total Contract Price
Over $2,000,000 $100,000
Contractor -
The individual, firm, or corporation contracting with the Ohio Department of
Transportation for the performance of prescribed work acting directly or
through a duly authorized representative and qualified under provisions of the
law. Defined in
C&MS 101.03.
Conversion -
The adaptation of one unit of measure to another unit of measure.
CPM Schedule - The type of progress schedule outlined in Proposal
Note 107 that delineates a critical path of work from the start of
the project to the end of the project.
Critical Path
- The critical path is defined as the longest path of activities in the project
that determines the project completion date. The activities that make-up the
critical path of activities are the “Critical
Activities.”
DCA -District Construction
Administrator.
DDD - District Deputy Director.
Density -
The relation of weight to volume. The greater the weight to a
given volume, the greater the density.
Department -
The Ohio Department of Transportation.
Director -
The Director of the Department of Transportation, the Executive head of the
Department of Transportation, appointed by the Governor.
Documentation
- Recording and filing evidence that the material or work is in conformance
with specifications and in the amounts required.
ECFA
- Estimated Cost of Force Account.
Elevation -
The height as measured from a predetermined point denoted in the plans.
Engineer -
The person representing the Department who is charged with the overall
responsibility at the project site for seeing that construction is in
conformance with plans and specifications and that all checks for job control
and validation of pay items are documented and filed properly.
Engineer’s Punch List - Written list, by the Project Engineer or Project
Supervisor (P.E./P.S.) of items not yet completed by
the Contractor and corrective work.
Estimate -
The District authorization of monetary payment compensating the Contractor for
work in place or stored materials following Contractor certification to the
Engineer that the work for which the progress payment is being made was
performed in accordance with the contract.
EWCO - Extra Work Change Order.
Extra Work - 1. An increase in a bid item quantity
for payment beyond Contract Limits.
2. A new pay item.
FHWA – The Federal Highway Administration, a section of the U.S. Department of Transportation.
File - The
complete project file in the field office in which is placed all progress
records and documentation of pay items.
Final Estimate
- The District authorization of monetary payment compensating the Contractor to
the final value of the contract following the final inspection and acceptance
of the project in accordance with current policies. The Final Estimate is signed by the District
Construction Administrator.
Final Inspection Date - The date the Final Inspector physically inspects
the project. This date is entered into SiteManager KETRK (Keycode 155).
Final Inspection Punch List - Written list, by the Final Inspector, of
deficiencies found during the Final Inspection.
Final Inspector
- The Professional Engineer with construction experience appointed by the DDD to perform Final Inspections. See part I. of this
procedure and C&MS Section 101.03. This term includes the Final Inspector’s
Back-up.
Final Measurements - A legal term used in ORC 5525.14 which
means an increase in an original bid
item that was required to accomplish the originally planned work within
the original work limits, but resulted in a payment on the bid item that
exceeded the Contract Limits. Change
orders for Final Measurements are not subject to Controlling Board approval,
but must be reported quarterly to the Controlling Board. Final Measurements are not limited to pay
quantities determined during finalization, but may occur any time during the
project.
Final Package
- Information submitted by the District to Central Office Capital Accounting
that includes the transmittal IOC, Final Estimate, Final Report, and Summation
of Extra Work Items.
Final Payment
- The payment that is released when all the requirements of C&MS Section 109.12
have been fulfilled and the FHWA final voucher is issued.
Final Report
- The document submitted by the District to Central Office Capital Accounting
documenting the modifications to the original contract amount and certified by
the District Construction Administrator and District Deputy Director.
Force Account
- Payment
for work directed by the Engineer based on the actual cost of labor, equipment,
materials furnished, overhead, and profit in accordance with C&MS Section 109.05.
Inspection -
Examination by observation, measurement, or tests to determine that materials
and work are in conformance with specifications.
Inspector’s Daily Report - A form used by an inspector to document the
activities performed by a Contractor.
The Inspector
Daily Report is Form CMS-1, CA-D-3A or CA-D-3B.
Interim Completion Date - The date, as shown in the Contract Documents, on
which a portion of the work contemplated, shall be completed.
Laboratory
(Laboratory with “L” capitalized) - The Office of Materials Management of the
Department of Transportation, 1600 West Broad Street, Columbus, Ohio
43223. If reference is to the District
laboratory, it is so designated.
Lane or Traffic Lane - A strip of pavement of specified width, usually 12 feet (3.6 m).
Lien - A
Public Improvement Lien [ORC Section 1311.25];
the right to withhold payment from the Contractor as security for a debt to a
material supplier, laborer, or subcontractor.
Local Public Agency (LPA) - Any other state agency, local political subdivision,
board, commission, or other governmental entity identified under the Ohio
Revised Code Section 5501.03,
Paragraph C as being eligible for assuming the administrative responsibilities
for Department improvement projects known as LPA or Local Let projects.
MOP -
Construction Inspection Manual of Procedures.
NHS - National Highway System. The system of roadways so designated
by the National Highway Systems Act of 1995.
OAC - Ohio Administrative Code.
ORC - Ohio Revised Code.
P.E./P.S. - Project Engineer or Project Supervisor performing
the duties of the Engineer as defined in C&MS 101.03.
P.E./P.S. Daily Report - A form used by the Engineer or Project supervisor
to document the activities performed by a Contractor. The P.E./P.S. Daily
Report is Form CMS-2, CA-D-4.
Pay Item - A
specifically described unit of work for which a price is provided in the
contract.
Physical Work Complete Date - Last day of work by the Contractor, including work
to complete the Final Inspector’s Punch List.
If there were no Punch List items, then this date is the same as the
Final Inspection Requested Date. This
date is entered into SiteManager KETRK
(Keycode 160).
Plans - The
plans, profiles, typical cross-sections, working drawings and supplemental
drawings, approved by the Director, or exact reproductions thereof, which show
the location, character, dimensions, and details of the work.
Progress Samples - Samples taken by Laboratory or project personnel not engauged in job control sampling. Samples are obtained at
random from materials delivered for incorporation in the work to provide an
independent spot check on the reliability of the results obtained in job
control sampling and testing.
Project -
The specific section of the highway together with all appurtenances and
construction to be performed thereon under the contract.
Project Engineer - Also called the Engineer. The person representing the Department who
is charged with the overall responsibility at the project site for seeing that
construction is in conformance with plans and specifications and that all
checks for job control and validation of pay items are documented and filed
properly.
Project Limits
- Project limits are points on the mainline centerline of construction where
the proposed improvement, as described in the project description on the title
sheet of the plans (excluding incidental construction), begins and ends. Incidental construction includes all work
required to complete a project in addition to the primary purpose for the
improvement.
Proposal -
The offer of a bidder, on the prescribed form properly signed and guaranteed,
to perform the work and to finish the labor and materials at the prices quoted.
PWC -
Physical Work Completed.
Requested Date
- The date the work is completed to the satisfaction of the P.E./P.S. and is ready for Final Inspection. This date is
entered into SiteManager KETRK
(Keycode 150).
RFI -
Request for Information.
RWCO - Regular Work Change Order.
SiteManager - The Department-wide computer system for administration of
construction projects.
Specifications
- The directions, provisions and requirements contained in the State of Ohio,
Department of Transportation Construction and Material Specifications as
supplemented by the supplemental specifications and special provisions.
Standard Drawings - The Standard Construction Drawings issued by the Bureaus of Location
and Design, Bridges and Design Services.
State Final Acceptance Date - The date of the Final Estimate Letter to the
Contractor. This date represents that the requirements of ORC 5525.16, CFR 23 part 635, and C&MS 109.12 have been met. This
date is entered into SiteManager KETRK
(Keycode 370).
TAS -
Testing Administration System, a part of SiteManager
which provides support to all sampling, testing, and approval or disapproval of
materials used on a project, to the time at which the contract has been
finalized.
Time Extensions
- Change in the contract provision that stipulates the date by which the work
must be complete. (Previously
known as Postponement of Contract Completion Dates).
Tolerance -
The allowable limits of variation from a specified measurement.
Transition -
The distance in which a change is made gradually from one pavement
cross-section to another.
Verification
- The steps necessary to determine that the work or materials described are in
conformance with plans and specifications.
Workday - A calendar day that the Contractor normally works.
Aggregate -
Mineral material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, or combinations
hereof.
Asphalt Concrete - A mixture of aggregate and asphalt binder. Types of asphalt concrete are 301, 302, 442, 446, and 448.
Batch Plant
- A plant in which dry, hot aggregate and asphalt material are proportioned in
fixed or batched quantities into a pugmill (mixer)
for mixing. Then the resulting asphalt
concrete is either batched directly into a haul truck or stored in a storage
bin for later use.
Asphalt Concrete Base - A type of asphalt concrete which is used as a base course
in the construction of a pavement. Two
types of asphalt concrete base are 301 and 302.
Asphalt Binder-
A thermoplastic binding material obtained as a residue in the distillation of
petroleum, which may contain additives to enhance performance.
Bleeding - The
rising of an excess of asphalt material to the surface of an asphalt concrete
mixture.
Checking -
Short transverse cracks, 1 to 4 inches (25 to 100 mm )
in length and 1 to 3 inches (25 to 75 mm) apart, which develop in the surface
of the asphalt concrete mat during the compaction process.
Choke -
Aggregate used for the purpose of filling the surface voids of a coarse
aggregate mixture.
CMS -
Cationic medium setting emulsion. See
the definition for emulsion.
Coarse Aggregate - Aggregate which is retained on the No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve.
Compaction -
A consolidation or compression of materials resulting in an increase in density
of the materials.
Compression Rolls - The compaction load of a steel wheel roller, expressed in pounds per
inch (kN/m), which is defined as the weight of the
roller divided by the combined width of all the drums on the roller. The compression rolls requirements for
rollers are specified in 401.13.
Course - A
layer or layers of a given material or mixture placed as a part of the pavement
structure.
Cross-Section
- In the field, elevations taken along a line at right angles to the
centerline. On a drawing, a profile of the existing
ground at right angles to the centerline.
The drawing of an earthwork cross-section also shows the shape of the
finished excavation or embankment at the same point. A roadway cross-section shows the thickness
and width of the pavement courses.
Cross-Slope
- The transverse slope of the pavement, either crown or superelevation. See section 401.19 for details on
checking the cross-slope of a pavement.
Crown - The
height of the center of the roadway surface above a straight line drawn between
its edges. See section 401.19 for details on checking the crown of a pavement.
Cut Back Asphalt - Asphalt binder which has been rendered fluid by fluxing it with a
light volatile petroleum distillate.
Upon exposure to atmospheric conditions, the volatile distillate
evaporates, leaving only the asphalt cement which reverts to its original
semi-solid condition. Cut back asphalts
are classified as rapid curing (RC), medium curing (MC), or slow curing (SC).
Degradation
- A reduction in aggregate particle size due to breakage and water.
Density -
The ratio of the weight of a given material to its volume.
Drum Mix Plant
- A continuous production plant in which cold aggregate is proportioned and
dried in the first half of a drum and then mixed with bituminous material in
the second half of the drum. Then the
resulting asphalt concrete is stored in a storage bin for later use.
Emulsion (Asphalt) - A suspension of extremely small droplets of asphalt in water in the
presence of an emulsifying agent, which usually is a type of soap. Upon exposure to atmospheric conditions, the
water evaporates, leaving only the asphalt cement which has been modified by
the emulsifying agent. Emulsions are classified
as rapid setting (RS or CRS), medium setting (MS or CMS), or slow setting (SS
or CSS). The
letter “C” in front of an emulsion type (CRS, CMS, or CSS)
denotes a cationic (positively charged) emulsion. If the emulsion type does not start with the
letter “C” (RS, MS, or SS), the emulsion is anionic (negatively charged) or non-ionic
(neutral charge). If the emulsion type
is followed by an “h” (SS-1h, CMS-2h, etc.), the emulsion was made from a
harder base asphalt cement.
Fat Spots -
See the definition of bleeding.
Fine Aggregate
- Aggregate which passes the No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve.
Flushing -
The drawing of asphalt material to the surface of an asphalt mixture due to the
action of traffic.
Gradation -
The distribution of particle sizes in an aggregate or asphalt mixture.
Grade - The
rate of change of the profile elevations.
See section 401.19 for details on checking the grade of a pavement.
JMF -
See the definition of job mix formula.
Job Control
- Inspection and testing conducted to determine compliance of the materials and
work with the contract requirements.
Job Mix Formula
- The mix composition of an asphalt concrete approved by the Laboratory. The job mix formula (JMF)
of a mix can be obtained from the “BCJMF” screen in
the TAS portion of SiteManager. The JMF number of
the mix needs to be known to use the “BCJMF” screen.
Keying - The
interlocking of aggregate particles by compaction.
Laboratory -
The Office of Materials Management of the Department’s Central Office in
Columbus, which is also known as the Central Test Lab.
Marshall Mix Design - Volumetric mix design procedure used to establish the optimum
asphalt binder content for an asphalt concrete.
The procedures for designing a mix using the Marshall mix
design are contained in 441.02 and the Asphalt Institute Manual Series No. 2.
Mineral Filler
- Limestone dust, Portland cement, or other inert mineral matter. The specifications for mineral filler are
contained in 703.07.
NAPA - National
Asphalt Pavement Association.
NCAT - National Center for Asphalt Technology.
Odometer - An instrument used for measuring
traveled distance.
Oscillating Wheel - The vertical
movement of pneumatic tire roller’s wheels over irregularities in the surface
on which the roller is operated, providing a kneading action.
PG (Asphalt) Binder - An
asphalt binder which has been graded by the PG Binder system. An asphalt binder has to
be modified with an additive to meet some of the PG Binder grades. An example of a PG Binder Grade is PG
64-28. An example of a modified PG
Binder Grade is PG 70-22M (See Asphalt Binder).
Placement Rate - The placement of paving
materials on the basis of a given weight and area covered. Placement rate is described in detail in
section 401.21.
Plant - The plant where aggregate and
asphalt material are mixed together or the plant which produces the aggregate
or the asphalt material.
Pneumatic Tire Roller - A roller
with three to five rubber tires mounted on two tandem axles. The wheels that the tires
are mounted to oscillate, which means they are capable of moving up and down
independently of each other. The
pneumatic roller compacts a pavement using the
combined force of weight and the kneading action of the oscillating
wheels. The specifications for a
pneumatic tire roller are contained in 401.13.
Prime Coat - An application of asphalt
material made on the surface of a pavement layer for the purpose of binding the
surface particles together. The
specifications for a prime coat are contained in 408.
Profile - A line on a drawing which shows elevation
of points along a selected route. A
profile usually shows both ground elevations and grade-line elevations. See Section 401.19 for details on
checking the profile of a pavement.
RAP - The abbreviation for reclaimed
asphalt pavement, which comes from reclaimed asphalt concrete pavement. The specifications for the
use of RAP is contained in 401.04 and 441.03.
Raveling - The loss of aggregate from the
surface of an asphalt mixture due to a lack of adequate compaction, segregation
of the mixture, moisture damage, high dust content, or a lack of PG binder for
binding the aggregate particles together.
Screed - A rectangular trowel on an
asphalt paver used to cut off the asphalt mixture at the desired thickness, to
smooth the surface, and consolidate the material.
Screenings - This is No. 10 size gravel,
stone, or air-cooled slag. The
specifications for screenings are contained in 703.10.
Segregation - The separation of the coarse and
fine particle sizes in an aggregate or asphalt mixture.
Shoving - The plastic deformation or
displacement in an asphalt mixture in the direction of traffic movement.
Steel Wheel Roller - A roller
which compacts asphalt concrete with static steel drums. Types of steel wheel rollers are the
three-wheel roller, tandem roller, trench roller, and vibratory roller.
Strike Off - A blade used to cut off material
at the desired elevation or thickness.
Superelevation - The
difference in elevation between the inside and outside edges of a roadway on a
horizontal curve. See section 401.19 for details on
checking the superelevation of a pavement.
Superpave - Mix
design procedure, which establishes material properties of an asphalt concrete
mix by using a gyratory compactor and material requirements.
Surface Texture - A term
used to describe the appearance of the surface of a pavement course such as
sandy, coarse, open, dense, uniform, etc.
Surface Treatment - See the
definitions for chip seal, prime coat, or tack coat.
Tachometer - An instrument for measuring the
speed of rotation.
Tack Coat - An application of asphalt
material made on a pavement surface for the purpose of bonding the existing
course to the overlying course. The
specifications for a tack coat are contained in 407. Tack coats are described in Section 6.
Tandem Roller - A steel wheel roller with two
drums mounted on tandem axles, which compacts a pavement using the force of the
roller’s weight. The specifications for
a tandem roller are contained in 401.13.
Three-Wheel Roller - A steel
wheel roller with three drums, two drums mounted on the rear axle and a smaller
drum mounted on the front tandem axle, which compacts a pavement using the
force of the roller’s weight. The
configuration of the drums on a three-wheel roller allows it to compact
longitudinal joints without interfering with traffic in the adjacent lane. The specifications for a three-wheel roller
are contained in 401.13.
Vibratory Roller - A steel
wheel roller with one (single drum) or two (double drum) drums, which compacts
a pavement using the combined force of weight and the vibration of the drum or
drums. The specifications for a vibratory
roller are contained in 401.13.
Viscosity - Resistance to flow in a
liquid. The higher the
viscosity, the greater the resistance to flow.
Yield - The area of a surface covered by
a given quantity of material measured in square yards (square meters).
Absorption - The soaking up of moisture
(water) by aggregate.
Admixture - A substance other than cement, water,
or aggregate added to a batch of fresh concrete to alter one of the normal
properties of concrete.
Aggregate - Mineral material, such as sand,
gravel crushed stone, slag, or the combinations thereof, with which cement or
bituminous material is mixed to form a mortar or concrete. "Fine
Aggregate" may be considered as the material that will pass a 1/4-inch
screen and "coarse aggregate" as the material that is retained
thereon.
Aggregate Base - The layer of specified,
compacted material placed on the subgrade to serve as a base for pavement.
Agitation - Slow stirring or turning over of
freshly mixed concrete to keep it in workable condition until placed into
forms.
Air Entrained Cement - Cement
into which the air entrainment admixture has been incorporated at the cement
plant when the cement was ground.
Batch - The combination of amounts of
cement, aggregate, water, and admixture which will be mixed at one time in a
mixer.
Batching Operation -
Proportioning and assembling the materials which will comprise one batch.
Batching Plant - The plant either on or off the
work site where the materials are assembled by batches for the mixer. Water and
admixtures usually are added as the batch is introduced into the mixer.
Batch Weights -The individual weights of the
cement, aggregate, and water used in each batch of concrete. Aggregate is
adjusted for moisture content and specific gravity.
Bleeding - Flow of water to the surface of
freshly placed concrete.
Bulkhead - A partition made of timber,
concrete, or steel plate between stockpiles to prevent their intermingling.
A temporary form placed at the completion
of a portion of concrete structure or pavement, or whenever production is
interrupted for an extended period of time.
Cement - A mixture of clay, limestone,
and other selected materials heated to high temperature to form clinker. The
clinker is then ground into powder. When mixed with water, it forms a paste to
surround and bind the aggregate into a solid and durable mass.
Charging - Filling. Charging a mixer is placing
the ingredients for concrete into it.
Compacted - Made denser. When a material is
compacted, the particles are forced together more tightly so that a given
weight of material takes up less space.
Concrete Control Inspector - The
Inspector at the job site who is responsible for the necessary inspections and
tests to ensure concrete meeting specifications.
Counters - Meters on mixers which show the
number of revolutions. Transit mixers may have two counters - one for mixing
speeds and one for agitation speeds.
Cure - The treatment given concrete to
ensure sufficient water and heat necessary for chemical action so that concrete
attains the strength and durability for which it was designed.
Entrained Air - Millions of microscopic voids
introduced into concrete through an admixture to permit the cured concrete to
undergo freezing and thawing without damage.
Entrapped Air - Large air bubbles which enter
concrete through mixing or handling. Being
undesirable, they can be removed by vibrating, spading, or rodding.
Falsework - The
bracing supporting concrete structural forms which are removed after the
concrete has cured sufficiently to support its own weight.
Finishing - Shaping the surface of cement that
is not shaped by forms. Also, it includes filling visible voids in the concrete
after the forms are removed.
Footer - The concrete pad which spreads
the load of a structure over an area of supporting earthwork.
Forms, Report - Printed sheets of paper which
contain blank spaces for filling in desired information.
Forms, Structural - Molds of
rigid material for receiving plastic concrete which will cast it to a specified
shape and dimension.
Gradation - The classification of different
sizes of aggregate within a given size of aggregate as determined by sieve
tests.
High-Early-Strength Concrete -
Concrete made with special cement (Type III) that reaches design strength and
hardness in considerably shorter time than concrete made with regular Portland
cement.
Honeycombing - Large voids in the concrete
which are due to inadequate spading or consolidating.
Intermingling - The unintentional dilution of
one size of aggregate by aggregate of a different size as a result of improper
storage or careless handling.
Job Control - Steps taken to keep quality and
quantity of materials and work on a project within the specifications and
plans.
Mixing - Combining the ingredients of a
batch of concrete into a homogenous mass through raising and dropping action of
a revolving drum. Specifications cover
the rate and number of revolutions which are acceptable for proper mixing.
Moisture Content - The
percentage by weight of water contained in aggregate as compared to the same
aggregate in a completely dry condition.
Mortar - A mixture of water, sand, and
cement. Mixed with coarse aggregate, this mortar completely envelopes each
particle of coarse aggregate to form concrete.
Paved - An area covered with a hard
surface to support traffic or material storage.
Plant Bins - Bins at the hatching plant for
temporary storage of aggregate and cement for use in proportioning concrete
batches.
Proportioning Concrete -
Determination of the amount of each ingredient used in a class of concrete with
adjustments as determined by tests called for in the specifications.
Retarder - An admixture placed in concrete
which slows the setting of the concrete.
Rodding - Consolidation of a concrete mix
sample by the repeated insertion of the prescribed steel tamping rod.
Saturation - Condition of aggregate when it
is completely soaked and will not absorb additional water.
Scaling - Peeling away of small amounts of
surface concrete.
Segregation - The unintentional separation of
the larger pieces of aggregate from the smaller pieces within one size of aggregate
or within a mixture of sizes in fresh concrete.
Set or set-up - A stage reached by freshly
placed concrete as it hardens and can no longer be worked or shaped.
Sieve Analysis - Determination of the gradation
of an aggregate sample by passing through a series of screens with specified
openings and weighing the separated particle sizes.
Slump - A measure of the consistency and
workability of plastic concrete.
Spading - Repeatedly inserting a flat
steel blade edgewise into fresh poured concrete for consolidation and to drive
out entrapped air, particularly where the concrete meets the forms or imbedded
objects.
Spading Blade - A small steel blade about the
size of a nail file used in making Chace air
determinations.
Spading Tool - A tool resembling a garden hoe
with the blade straightened out in line with the handle which is used for
consolidating concrete.
Spalling - The breaking away of hardened
parts of concrete from the main body at surface points.
Specific Gravity - The
ratio of weight of any volume of a substance to the weight of an equal volume
of water.
Specifications - The directions, provisions, and
requirements contained in the State of Ohio Department of Transportation
Construction and Material Specifications as supplemented by the supplemental specifications
and special provisions.
Stabilize - To make or hold steady and
prevent fluctuations.
Stockpile - A large amount of aggregate
placed in a pile for storage until ready for use.
Strike Off - Using a straightedge to scrape off
excess concrete which may protrude above the mold or forms.
Subgrade - The portion of a roadbed upon
which the pavement structure and shoulders are constructed.
Testing Equipment - That
equipment furnished to the project for conducting field tests.
Test Weights - Ten 50-pound (22.7 kg) steel
weights that must be readily available for checking weighing devices at
concrete plants.
Ticket - A form record of quality,
quantity, and other pertinent information which may accompany a shipment of
construction materials to the project.
Validation - The signature or initials of an
authorized individual on any form or ticket denoting that the information is as
stated.
Verification - The steps necessary to determine
that the work or materials described are in conformance with plans and
specifications.
Water-Cement Ratio (W/C) - The
proportion of an amount of water to the specified amount of cement used to
produce concrete. Such amount of water is the sum of the calculated amount of
water contained in the aggregates, plus all the water added both at the plant
and at the site, less the calculated amount of water absorbed by the
aggregates.
Yield - A check on the mix design made
by dividing the total batch weight by the determined unit weight, weight per
cubic yard (weight per cubic foot). The actual volume thus obtained is compared
to the design volume.
Admixture - A substance other than cement,
water, or aggregate added to a batch of fresh concrete to alter one of the
normal properties of concrete.
Aggregate - Mineral material, such as sand,
gravel, crushed stone, slag, or the combination thereof, with which cement is
mixed to form a mortar or concrete. “Fine aggregate” may be considered as the
material that will pass a 4.75 mm (No. 4) screen and “coarse aggregate” as the
material that is retained thereon.
Batch - The combination of amounts of
cement, aggregate, water, and admixture which will be mixed at one time in a
mixer.
Batching Plant - The plant either on or off the
work site where the materials are assembled by batches for the mixer. Water and admixtures usually are added as the
batch is introduced into the mixer.
Beam, Test - A beam of specified size molded
on the job and later broken in a testing machine to determine the flexural
strength of the concrete.
Bleeding - Flow of water to the surface of
freshly placed concrete.
Cap - A short tube, closed at one end,
placed on the oiled end of a dowel in an expansion joint to provide space for
movement of the dowel in hardened concrete. A stop in the tube prevents it from
being pushed all the way onto the dowel before the concrete hardens.
Cement - A mixture of clay, limestone,
and other selected materials heated to high temperature and ground into powder. When mixed with water, it forms a paste to
surround and bind the aggregate into a solid and durable mass.
Contraction Joint - A joint
which controls the location of a transverse crack and permits the slab to
contract and expand with changes in temperature.
Construction Joint - A joint
formed in concrete pavement at the end of the day’s production or any time
production is interrupted for 30 minutes or longer.
Core - A cylinder of concrete cut from
pavement with a hollow drill. Cores are 4 inches (200 mm) in diameter and are
used to check the thickness and strength of the concrete.
Course - The depth of concrete pavement
obtained in one pour.
Crown - The height of the center of the
roadway surface above a straight line drawn between its edges.
Cure - The treatment given concrete to
ensure sufficient water and heat necessary for chemical action so that concrete
attains the strength and durability for which it was designed.
Curing Membrane - A
compound sprayed over the exposed surface and edges of newly placed concrete to
prevent the evaporation of water during curing.
Cylinder - A test sample of concrete molded
into a cylinder 12 inches (600 mm) high and 6 inches (300 mm) in diameter, to
be sent to the Laboratory for determination of strength and density.
Deformed Bar - A steel bar which has
projections on its surface for increasing the bond between the concrete and the
bar.
Density (Soil) - The density of soil is its
weight-volume relationship, which usually is expressed in pounds of soil per
cubic foot (kilograms of soil per cubic meter).
Dowel or Dowel Bar - A smooth
steel bar extending across a concrete joint to transfer the applied load,
prevent future misalignment of the slab, and permit movement at the joint.
Dowel Assembly - A cage or basket used to hold
dowels in position during placement of concrete.
Edging - Rounding the edges of concrete
pavement and hand-formed joints while the concrete still is workable, using an
edging tool of specified radius.
Elevation or Grade - The
height as measured from a predetermined point denoted in the plans.
Expansion Joint - A joint
adjacent to a bridge or intersection to absorb expansion of concrete pavement
and prevent expansive pressure on the bridge or intersecting pavement.
Fine Grading - Removing approximately 1 inch
(25 mm) of the primary subbase and re-rolling to
bring to exact grade upon which the concrete pavement is placed.
Finishing - Shaping the surface of concrete
that is not shaped by forms. Also, it includes
filling visible voids in the concrete after the forms are removed.
Finishing Machine - A
machine, which screeds, and a float for performing the final grade and
smoothness of the concrete pavement to meet the requirements.
Float - A straight piece of wood or
metal used to smooth the surface of plastic concrete. Small hand-held floats
are called paddle floats.
Forms, Pavement - Metal
plates secured together and to the subbase for
shaping the sides of the pavement and controlling alignment, grade, and
thickness.
Also, the forms serve as a track for paving equipment.
Grade (noun) - See Elevation.
Grade (verb) - To add or remove earth to obtain
a desired level or slope.
Hand Finishing - Manually correcting
irregularities left by the finishing machine, or performing those functions
which cannot be accomplished by machine, such as edging or forming of joints.
Head - The roll of plastic concrete
which forms ahead of a screed plate.
Honeycombing - Large voids in the concrete
which are due to inadequate spading or consolidating.
Hook Bolt - A short steel bar with hooked
ends joined by a threaded connection. Used to fasten a concrete slab to another, which is constructed
beside it later.
Inspection - Examination by observation,
measurement, or tests to determine that materials and work are in conformance
with specifications.
Joint Lock - The device at each end of a
section of paving form for attaching the sections together.
Job Control - Steps taken to keep quality and
quantity of materials and work on a project within the specifications and
plans.
Joint Sealer - A compound for preventing
entrance of water and solid particles into a joint. The sealer may either be preformed or
liquid.
Laitance - An accumulation of fine
particles on the surface of freshly placed concrete occurring when there is an
upward movement of water through the concrete due to the presence of too much
mixing water or excessive vibration.
Lane or Traffic Lane - A strip
of pavement of specified width, usually 12 feet (3.6 meters).
Longitudinal Joint - A joint
which extends lengthwise on the roadway, parallel to the centerline.
Mesh - A fabric of steel wires welded
together at their intersections for placement in concrete pavement as
distributed reinforcement.
Mesh Installer - A machine for imbedding wire
mesh into freshly placed concrete pavement.
Mortar - A mixture of water, sand, and
cement. Mixed with coarse aggregate,
this mortar completely envelopes each particle of coarse aggregate to form
concrete. Also, mortar is used to fill honeycombing which becomes apparent upon
removal of forms.
Oscillating - To swing back and forth,
operating between fixed limits, such as the movement of a screed on a finishing
machine.
Pin Template or Template - A device
used to check the surface of the subbase.
Raveling - Slightly disturbing the surface
of concrete pavement adjacent to sawing of a joint.
Random Cracks - Cracks which appear in concrete
pavement due to contraction in the early stages of curing and follow no set
pattern.
Rigid Pavement Inspector - An
authorized representative of the Engineer to make detailed inspections and
documentation of contract performance as it pertains directly to concrete
paving operations.
Sawing - Using a circular saw to cut a groove
in the surface of the pavement to control the location of transverse cracks.
Scaling - Peeling away of small amounts of
the concrete surface.
Screed - A long metal plate moved across
the surface of freshly placed concrete with a sawing motion to consolidate the
concrete and rough finish it approximately to grade.
Segregation - The unintentional separation of
the larger pieces of aggregate from the smaller pieces within one size of
aggregate or within a mixture of sizes of fresh concrete.
Shim - A thin piece of stone, wood, or
other material used to raise the object resting on it to the desired elevation.
(Not permitted in adjusting forms to grade).
Slab - A continuous portion of concrete
paving bounded by joints and/or the edge of the pavement.
Slip Form Paving - Concrete
paving by use of a machine carrying its own forms between which low slump
concrete is compacted sufficiently to retain its shape after the machine has
progressed onward.
Slump - Measured in millimeters (inches)
on a vertical axis. The amount that a sample of fresh poured concrete, which
has filled a standard inverted cone, will sink down after the cone has been
removed. A measure of
the consistency and workability of concrete.
Spading - Repeatedly inserting a flat
steel blade edgewise into fresh poured concrete for consolidation and to drive
out entrapped air, particularly where the concrete meets the forms or imbedded
objects.
Spalling - The breaking away of hardened
parts of concrete from the main body at surface points.
Spreader - A machine which distributes
fresh concrete generally over the area between the forms.
Station Marker - A numeral impressed into the
surface of newly finished concrete pavement and located at specified
longitudinal intervals near the edge of the roadway for purposes of future
location references.
Straightedging - Placing
a 10 foot (3.0 meter) straightedge on the finished pavement surface to
determine if the surface is within tolerance.
Strike Off - Using a straightedge to scrape
off excess concrete which may protrude above the mold or forms.
Subbase - The layer of specified,
compacted material placed on the prepared subgrade to serve as a base for
pavement.
Subgrade - The portion of a roadbed upon
which the pavement structure and shoulders are constructed after it is
prepared.
Surge - The rise in the surface of
plastic concrete following the release of compaction after the screed has
passed over it.
Texturing - Slight roughening of the
finished surface of concrete pavement to provide greater safety through
increased traction to the tires of vehicles which will pass over it.
Thin-Bonded Patching -
Repairing concrete pavement only to the depth of unsound concrete rather than
the full-depth of the pavement.
Tie Bar - A deformed dowel or hook-bolt
placed across longitudinal joints of concrete pavement near middle-depth to tie
the slabs together and hold the joint closed.
Tying - Wiring together overlapped mesh
that is hand-tied by use of rings similar to hog rings.
Tolerance - The permitted variation from a
specified condition.
Traction Speed - The rate of forward movement
parallel to the centerline by the paving equipment.
Transverse - A theoretical line running
perpendicular to the longitudinal or centerline of a roadway.
Validation - The signature or initials of an
authorized individual on any form or ticket denoting that the information is as
stated.
Vibrator - A device for pulsating fresh
concrete so that entrapped air is released, and the concrete settles uniformly
about reinforcement and to the forms.
Wearing Plate - A small plate which drags over
the top of the pavement forms or adjacent paving to control the height of the
screed plate.
Windrow - An accumulation of material as a
result of rolling up or sliding off to the side. Applies here
to loose material just inside of the forms left by the subgrader
in the fine grading operation.
Yield - A check on the mix design made
by dividing the total batch weight by the determined weight per unit volume.
The actual volume thus obtained is compared to the design volume.
Aggregate Correction Method - A method
of compaction testing that modifies the one point proctor method. It accounts
for the material retained on the 3/4-inch sieve.
Atterberg Limits - The moisture content of a soil at
certain stages of soil behavior.
Balanced Project - A project
where the amount of embankment is required approximately equal to the amount of
excavation.
Benching - The excavation of the existing embankment
steps into a slope where new embankment is being placed on the slope. The benching connects the new embankment and
the existing soil in the slope.
Blasting - The use of explosives to fracture
rock or shale.
Borrow - Material obtained from approved
sources that are required for the construction of the embankment.
CA-EW-12, Daily Earthwork
Inspection Sheet – This form details the earthwork
construction operations on the project. It details general project information,
locations of the operations, construction equipment, soil types, lift
thicknesses, and other information.
CA-EW-5, Nuclear Gauge
Compaction Form – This form details the record
keeping for compaction tests. The one
point proctor and test section methods A and B use this form.
CA-EW-6, Nuclear Gauge
Compaction with an Aggregate Correction – This
form details the record keeping for a compaction test. The aggregate correction
method of compaction testing uses this form.
Canvas Shroud - A canvas curtain used to control
dust during the spreading operation.
Cement - A burned and pulverized chemical
that that reacts with silty and granular soils.
Centrifugal Force - The
roller force or load on a base course or material that adds the weight and the
vibration energies.
Checking - The cracking of a base course or
stabilized subgrade due to over rolling.
Clearing - Cutting down trees and brush.
Compaction - Increasing the density of soil
by mechanical means, involving the expulsion of excess air.
Compaction Equipment -
Equipment used to compact materials.
Consolidation - The removal of water from a soil
over time to increase its strength.
Construction Underdrains - Sacrificial underdrains placed to
drain the subgrade.
Contractor Designed Chemically Stabilized Subgrade - Tests performed by the Contractor to determine the optimum
percentage of chemical (cement, lime, or lime kiln dust) that will stabilize
the soil.
Curing - The act of ensuring that the
lime or cement stabilized soil is wet for at least five days.
Deflections or Rutting - The
vertical movement of the subgrade during proof rolling.
Density - The proportion of soil mass or
weight to the volume of the soil. It is commonly expressed in pounds per cubic
foot.
Depth Checks - The measuring of the thickness
of the base course or embankment material.
Disking - The act of using a disk to break
up a material so that it may dry.
Dozer - A machine that pushes and levels
material.
Drainage - Constructing the embankment to
drain the water away as fast as possible.
Drainage Blanket - A system
of coarse aggregate, fabric and pipe that is designed to drain large areas of
the slope.
Dry Density – The density of a soil that uses
only the weight of the soil. The density of the soil when the
soil is completely dry.
Drying - The act of lowering the moisture
content of a material by disking, plowing, or other means.
Earth Moving Equipment -
Equipment used to move earthen materials.
Earthwork Volumes - The
calculation of a three dimensional earthwork quantities.
Electronic Grade Control - Controls
on construction equipment that controls the grade.
Embankment - A structure consisting of
suitable materials and constructed in lifts to a predetermined elevation and
cross-section.
End Area - The cross-sectional area on the
plans that represents a two dimensional plane.
End Dumping - The direct loading of the base
or embankment material from the truck to the subgrade or foundation.
Excavation - The removal of materials to
predetermined elevations and cross-sections.
Excavator - A machine that removes material
with a bucket.
Fine Grading - The act for trimming the surface
to meet the specification tolerances.
Finished Surface - The top
of the base or subgrade materials that has been fine graded or trimmed.
Footed Rollers - Rollers that knit the materials
together. Primarily used for clayey materials.
Foundation - The location at the base of an
embankment.
Gradation - The level of coarseness or
fineness of a soil, referring to soil sizes.
Grader - A machine used to level
surfaces.
Grading - The act of leveling the
embankment surface to drain.
Granular Material Types - Granular
Materials in Item 203 that have specific
gradations to perform certain engineering functions.
Grubbing - Clearing by digging up roots and
stumps.
Hydrated Lime - A finer form of lime.
Ingots - Heavy concrete weights in the
proof roller.
Iron Slags - Air-Cooled Blast Furnace slag (ACBF) and Granulated slag (GS).
Lift Thickness - The thickness of the material
when placed on a horizontal surface.
Lime - A by-product of limestone that
reacts with clayey soils.
Liquid Limit - Moisture content at which a soil
passes from a plastic to a liquid state.
Maintenance - The act of constructing an
embankment that minimizes construction problems. For example, grading and
draining to keep water off the embankment.
Moderately Soft Foundation - A
foundation that is constructible with moderate changes to embankment
construction techniques.
Moisture Content - The
amount of water in a given soil expressed as a percent of the material’s dry
weight.
Moisture Density Curve - A plot
of the moisture content verses the weight of a soil. This plot determines their
relationship.
Natural Granular Materials - Broken
or crushed rock, gravel, sand, durable siltstone, and durable sandstone placed
in 8-inch (200 mm) loose lifts.
Natural Soils - All natural earth materials,
organic, or inorganic resulting from natural processes, such as weathering,
decay, and chemical action.
Nuclear Gauge - A device that uses nuclear
radiation to determine the soils’ density and moisture content.
Ohio Typical Density Curves - Curves
that were developed in the 1930’s and 40’s that represent all the types of
soils in the state. They are used with the one-point proctor method to pick the
correct curve during compaction testing.
One Point Proctor Method - a method
that determines the compaction of a soil. It
requires making a proctor and using the Ohio Typical Density Curves to pick the
correct curve.
Optimum Moisture - The
water content at which the maximum dry density can be achieved by compacting an embankment material.
Partial Excavation Method - The act
of removing only a portion of the soft material.
Pavement - The location above the subgrade
that traffic runs on that is made of concrete or asphalt.
Plastic Limit - The moisture content at which
the material breaks apart at a 1/8-inch diameter. Indicates how much clay is in the material. The
moisture content at which a soil changes from a semi-solid to a plastic state.
Plasticity Index - The
higher the PI, the more clay in the material. The numerical difference between the liquid
limit and plastic limit.
Power Driven Mixer - A big roto-tiller used to mix the soil and the lime.
Prime Coat - An asphalt emulsion used to keep
the lime soil moist for the cure period.
Proctor Hammer - A device that is used to compact
a soil in a proctor mold. It weighs 5.5 pounds, compacts the soil 25 times for
each soil lift in the proctor. The soil is placed in the proctor mold in three
lifts.
Proctor Test – a procedure that uses a
standard, compactive effort to determine or pick a soil moisture density curve.
Proof Rolling - The use of heavy rollers to test
the subgrade stability.
Quick Lime - A coarser and more concentrated
form of lime.
Random Material - Mixtures
of suitable materials that can be placed in 8-inch (200 mm) loose lifts.
Rectangular Foot - A footed
roller with rectangular feet.
Recycled Materials - Fly ash,
bottom ash, foundry sand, recycled glass, tire shreds, RPCC,
or RACP
Recycled Portland Cement Concrete (RPCC) - Recycled Portland cement
concrete blended with natural soil or granular material.
Reclaimed Asphalt Concrete Pavement (RACP) - Recycled asphalt pavement blended with natural soil or granular
material.
Rock - Sandstone, limestone, dolomite,
glacial boulders, brick, and RPCC too large to be
placed in an 8-inch (200 mm) loose lift.
Rock or Shale Subgrade Excavation - The 24 inches that is excavated below the pavement for drainage
and uniform support.
Roller Pass - One pass over a given location.
Sand Blanket - The sand that is placed to drain
the underlying soft material.
Saturated Embankment -
Embankment that is full of water to the point of being unstable.
Scale – A weight measuring device used
during compaction testing.
Scalping - Removal of remaining roots, sod,
grass, agriculture crop, sawdust, and other vegetation so that the soil is
completely exposed; however, topsoil should not be removed.
Scraper Plate - A device that is used to
establish a location for the nuclear gauge.
Segregation - The separation of fine and
coarse material in a base course.
Self-Propelled Spreading Machine - A
piece of equipment that receives the base course from the truck and spreads it
evenly on the subgrade.
Settlement - The compression of a soil into a
more stable condition.
Severely Soft Foundation - Low
lying areas with high or standing water that are not constructible with soil or
standard construction techniques.
Shale - Laminated material with a finely
stratified structure formed by the natural consolidation of a clay or silt. The
material is sometimes cemented together.
Shale Compaction Testing –
Compaction testing that uses a Bucket test to determine what compaction test to
perform on a particular shale.
Sheepsfoot - An old
footed roller that has 10 percent coverage per pass.
Side Drainage - Any ditches that drain the
embankment away from the embankment construction.
Side Slopes - The embankment slopes that are
perpendicular to the roadway (usually 2:1 slopes).
Slag Materials - Residual material from making
iron or steel that must meet the requirements in 703.16.
Slide Repair - An area to be excavated for
replacement.
Soil Classification - AASHTO classification of a soil determined from the
gradation and characteristic of the different materials.
Spreading - Moving material in preparation
for compaction.
Spring Drains - A system of coarse aggregate,
fabric, and pipe that is designed to drain small areas of the slope.
Standard Count- a procedure performed on a
nuclear gauge to ensure that the readings are accurate.
Steel Slags - Open Hearth (OH) slag, Basic
Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag, Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) slag, or Granulated slag.
Steel Wheeled Roller - Uses a
drum with 100 percent coverage with one pass. Can be used
with or without vibration. Used for granular and silty materials.
Stock Pile - A pile of material that has or
will be approved by the Test Lab.
Straightedge - A piece of lumber with a level
on it to check the grade.
Subgrade – The portion of the roadbed upon
which the pavement structure and shoulders are constructed.
Subgrade Compaction - The compaction of the top 12 inches of the subgrade.
Suitable Material - Natural
soil, natural granular material, granular material types, slag material, brick,
shale, rock, random material, or other materials that are appropriate for use
in embankment construction.
Tamping Foot - A footed roller that has 40
percent coverage with one pass and is highly productive. Can be used for soil, rock, or shale.
Test Rolling - The use of a proof roller to
test the stability of the subgrade prior to undercutting or stabilizing the
subgrade. Used when spot locations are detailed in the plans.
Test Section Method - A
compaction method that uses the relative density between two nuclear gauge
readings to determine the materials potential maximum density.
Test Section Method A - A
compaction method that uses the relative density between two nuclear gauge
readings to determine the materials potential maximum density. It is used when
the material has a definitive moisture density curve.
Test Section Method B - A
compaction method that uses the relative density between two nuclear gauge
readings to determine the materials potential maximum density. It is used when
the material does ‘not’ have a definitive moisture density curve. A field test
section moisture density curve is developed with this method.
Test Section Method C - A
compaction method that uses the relative density between two nuclear gauge
readings to determine the material’s potential maximum density. It is used when
the material is highly variable. It uses form CA-EW-7.
Total Excavation Method - Removing
all of the soft material.
Waste - Excess material removed from the
project limits.
Watering - The act of adding moisture to a
material for proper compaction.
Weak Plane - An area in the embankment where
the soil is weak and could slide apart.
Wet Density - the density of the soil that
includes the weight of water and soil. It
is also expressed as the total weight of the soil.
Zero Air Void Curve - A
theoretical line that is used to ensure that the nuclear gauge readings are not
dramatically incorrect. It plots the moisture density curve without the voids.
Amendments - Mixed with the soil removed from
the plant hole. To improve the soil texture or pH, add organic material.
Sphagnum peat moss, shredded pine bark, yard waste compost, and sand are all
accepted amendments.
Backfill - This soil and amendment mixture
is placed back into the hole after the plant has been set (see C&MS 661.11).
Balled and Burlapped - This is one kind of method for digging field-grown plants with
the ball of earth still intact in which they are growing. Can be supported by a
wire basket and/or burlap and laced with bailing twine. Often
denoted as B&B in plan notes. See appendix for correct plant/B&B
sizes.
Bare Root - Plants shipped by this method
are done so without the soil from which they were grown. This type of plant can
be seedlings, perennials, roses, fruit trees, etc. Roots should be white and
unbroken.
Caliper - This is measured as the width of
a single stem plant. See Page 6 for instructions on how to measure.
Competing Leaders - Found at
the top most branch. This condition is where the main stem (leader) has been
cut or broken and has continued to grow into two main stems. One stem should be
removed to eliminate the potential for future problems.
Conifer - Cone-bearing plants, mostly
evergreen, but not always true.
Crown - The upper part of a tree, also
called the canopy.
Deciduous - Term used to describe plants
which lose their leaves at the end of a growing season. This typically occurs
in the fall.
Fertilizer - A natural or synthetic material
added to or spread on soil to increase its fertility. The three numbers
indicate its percentage of ingredients. In order, these numbers are nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium.
Foliage - This is the leaf structure of a
plant, such as needles or deciduous leaves (can be composted).
Herbicide - A natural or synthetic product
typically used to eradicate weeds. Product should be applied by a licensed
applicator and as directed by the manufacturer’s label.
Mulch - Placed on top of the plants rootball. Mulch keeps the ground cool, retains moisture,
prevents heaving, and breaks down providing nutrients to the root system (see
C&MS 661. 13).
Multi-stem - Having two or more main stems;
defined as clump or shrub form.
Root Crown - This is the union between the
roots and the stem. Care should be taken not to bury this union with soil when
planting.
Single Stem - Also called the central leader
or trunk, tapers gradually from root crown to top.
Shrubs - Usually multi-stemmed with
numerous side branches, can be evergreen or deciduous.
Tree Wrap - Placed around a deciduous tree
trunk to protect it from frost cracking, sunscald, or insect damage (see
C&MS 661.15).